NokiaEDU

WCDMA – LTE Mobility

RAN Parameters I [WCDMA18]

RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Copyright and confidentiality

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2 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

Course Objectives

At the end of the learning entity you will be able to:

• Analyse and describe the WCDMA – LTE Mobility

process in detail
• Mobility features
• Reference Signals
• Layering
• Trigger
• Measurements
• Describe mobility procedures
• Reselection to LTE
• Redirection to LTE
• HO to LTE

4 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

WCDMA – LTE MOBILITY
• WCDMA - LTE Mobility Overview
• LTE Measurements
• Cell Reselection to LTE
• Redirection and HO to LTE
• Load Balancing

5 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Inter-layer Mobility Connected mode 3G - 4G, 4G - 3G
Idle mode 3G - 4G, 4G - 3G
LTE f1 to LTE f2
3G f1 to 3G f2
Connected, idle
Connected, idle

LTE
WCDMA

Connected mode
GSM 4G – 2G

Connected mode 3G-2G, 2G-3G Idle mode

Idle mode 3G-2G, 2G-3G 4G – 2G, 2G – 4G
2G band 1 to 2G band 2
Connected, idle

6 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

WCDMA - LTE Mobility Features
RAN2176 LTE PS Handover

RAN2264 Smart LTE Handover

Cell_DCH RAN2435 SRVCC from LTE and CSFB with HO

RRC_CONNECTED
RAN3086: CSFB with RIM

RAN2892: WCDMA-LTE Load Balancing

RA
Cell_FACH N
RA 2980
N2
717 Meas
Sm ur .g. e
Cell_PCH art emen res e erag
LT tb tu cov n
EL a
aye sed L l fea e to ctio ng
RAN ra du dire nci
URA_PCH rin TE ve
RAN
306
2067
LTE g La Se ction th re bala
yer e i d
9 RS
RQ
Inte
rwo ing edir FB w e loa
bas rkin R CS o d
ed L g em
TE R
ese Idl
lect
ion

UTRA_IDLE RRC_IDLE
RAN2067 LTE Interworking
RAN3069 RSRQ based LTE Reselection

7 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

WCDMA – LTE MOBILITY
• WCDMA - LTE Mobility Overview
• LTE Measurements
• RSRP
• RSRQ
• Impact of Tx diversity and MIMO
• Cell Reselection to LTE
• Redirection and HO to LTE
• Load Balancing

8 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 LTE – RSRP signals

Frequency
                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

Reflects power of single resource                                                        

Reference Signal (RS)

                                                       

element based on Reference Signal RS

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

UE measures power of multiple

                                                       

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

  Slot 1 (0,5 ms)

resource elements used to transfer RS 7 symbols
                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

and calculates the average over all of

                                                       

                                                       

them (3GPP TS 36.214)

                                                       

                                                       

               
                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

               
                                                       

Example: 10 MHz carrier = 50 RBs in

                                                       

                                                       

               
                                                       

frequency domain  

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

• Each RB contains 4 Reference Signals                

12 subcarriers
                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

• 2 in symbol 0  

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
               
• 2 in symbol 5
                                                       

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

                 
• UE measures RSRP only in symbols                                                        

                                                       

               
containing RS
                                                       

               
                                                       

                                                       

• Consequently, measurement is the                                                        

               
                                                       

average power of 2 * 50 = 100 RSs in

                                                       

                                                       

               
                                                       

frequency domain
                                                       

                                                       

• Additionally there is averaging in time                

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

domain                
                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

Subframe (TTI)
                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

1 ms
                                                       

                                                       

RSRP=
                                                       

avg
                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

Resource Block (RB)

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

Time
9 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018
 LTE – RSRQ signals

Frequency
Reference Signal (RS)
                                                       

RSRQ - Reference Signal Received

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

Quality is radio channel quality indicator  

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

reflecting interference level. According to

                                                       

                                                       

Slot 1 (0,5 ms)

                                                       

3GPP TS 36.214:
                                                       

                                                       

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
7 symbols
                                                       

RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI/N)

                                                       

                                                       

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

                 
               
                                                       

N – the number of RBs in frequency domain

                                                       

                                                       

RSRP - power of single resource element

 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

                 
               
                                                       

based on RS
                                                       

                                                       

               

12 subcarriers
                                                       

RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) -                                                        

               
                                                       

total received power over whole carrier

                                                       

                                                       

bandwidth; includes all radio signal sources

 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

                 
               
                                                       

(co-channel serving and non-serving cells,

                                                       

               
                                                       

                                                       

adjacent channel interference, thermal noise

                                                       

               
                                                       

etc.)
                                                       

                                                       

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

                 
               
                                                       

                                                       

Example: 10 MHz carrier

                                                       

                                                       

• 50 Resource Blocks over which UE

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

measures RSRQ
                                                       

                                                       

• Each RB consists of 12 subcarriers

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

• UE measures RSRQ only in symbols  

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Subframe (TTI)
containing Reference Signals
                                                       

1 ms
                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

avg
                                                       

Resource Block (RB)

                                                       

RSRQ=
                                                       

( )/N
                                                       

                                                       

                                                       

all + all
                                                       

                                                       

Time

10 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 LTE - RSRP and RSRQ for 1 Tx
Slot 1 (0,5 ms) Slot 1 (0,5 ms) Slot 1 (0,5 ms)
7 symbols 7 symbols 7 symbols

                                         
                                         
             
                                         
                                         
12 subcarriers

12 subcarriers

12 subcarriers
                                         
                                         
                                         
             
                                         
                                         
                                         
                           
                           

RSSI = 2 x RSRP RSSI = 12 x RSRP RSSI = 12 x (RSRP + Interference)

RSRQ = RSRP / RSSI = RSRP / (12 x RSRP) RSRQ = RSRP / RSSI =

RSRQ = RSRP / RSSI = RSRP / (2 x RSRP) =
= 1/2  10 log(1/2) = -3 dB = 1/12  10 log(1/12) = -10.8 dB = RSRP / (12 x (RSRP + Interference)) < -10.8
. dB
ISOLATED CELL – NO LOAD ISOLATED CELL – 100% LOAD 100% LOAD + INTERFERENCE

Same load and interference conditions adopted for every resource block

11 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 LTE - RSRP and RSRQ for 2 Tx and 4 Tx
• Practical approach to use 1TX antenna port by eNB is indoor with DAS
Slot 1 (0,5 ms) Slot 1 (0,5 ms) (Distributed Antenna System).
7 symbols 7 symbols • Otherwise 2TX or 4TX antenna ports are used by eNB (MIMO 2x2, MIMO
4x2, TX diversity)
                            • Thus, additional reference signals need to be transmitted
                           
 R1  R3      R0  R2  
• This limits maximum achievable RSRQ to -6dB
 R1        R0    
                            • Explanation for 2 Tx (for 4 Tx analogue)
                            RSSI based on symbols containing reference signal R0
12 subcarriers
12 subcarriers

 R0        R1      R0  R2      R1  R3   Contain also reference signal R1
                           
                            Thus 4 reference signals counted per R0 symbol and resource block
 R1        R0      R1  R3      R0  R2   (although R0 and R1 active on antenna 1 and 2 only
                            while on other antenna silent)
                           
 R0        R1      R0  R2      R1  R3  
RSSI = (2 x RSRP R0 + 2 x RSRP R1) x N
RSSI = 4 x RSRP x N -> assuming RSRP R0 = RSRP R1
RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI/N) = RSRP / (4 x RSRP) = 1/4 
2TX antenna port 4TX antenna port
configuration configuration 10 x log(1/4) = -6 dB

ISOLATED CELL - NO LOAD

12 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

WCDMA – LTE MOBILITY
• WCDMA - LTE Mobility Overview
• LTE Measurements
• Cell Reselection to LTE
• Features and SIB19
• 3GPP layer concept and SIB19
• LTE measurement rules
• LTE reselection rules
• Summary and scenarios
• Redirection and HO to LTE
• Load Balancing

13 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Cell Reselection Features
• RAN2067 LTE Interworking:
• Implementation based upon 3GPP R8
• Cell reselection to LTE based upon RSRP

• RAN3069 RSRQ based LTE Reselection:

• Adds 3GPP R9 quality thresholds to LTE absolute
priority based cell reselection originally introduced Cell 4
with RAN2067 RSRP
• Allows RSRQ based cell reselection including quality RSRQ

thresholds
• Serving cell Ec/No threshold Cell 1 UE
Cell 3
• Neighbor cell RSRQ threshold
• Broadcasted by SIB19
Cell 2
LTECellReselection 
WCEL; 0 (Disabled), 1 (Enabled)
(0) Default

14 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

SIB19
• New 3GPP SIB in 3G WCDMA cell: SIB19
• SIB 19 provides: Serving WCDMA cell & IRAT cell information for E-UTRA
• RNC compiles SIB 19 and provides it to WBTS for SysInfo broadcast
• Priority for SIB 19 can be set with RNC level parameter:

SiB19Priority
SIB19 priority; used by RNC scheduling
algorithm to give precedence to the SIB.
1 = highest priority
4 = lowest priority .
RNC; 1, 2, 3, 4;

Analogue parameters
available for all other SIB

15 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

3GPP Priority Layer Concept
• 3GPP Rel8 introduces absolute priorities for RF carriers
RAT_4 f_2
• Each carrier can be assigned a priority
• Range from 0 (lowest prio) to 7 (highest prio)
• Carrier priorities are broadcast from serving cell BCCH
RAT_3 f_1 • eUTRAN : SIB3, SIB5, SIB6, SIB7, SIB8
• UTRAN: SIB3, SIB19
• GERAN: SIB2quater
RAT_2 f_2 • Priorities can also be signaled directly within
RRC connection release message
RRC Timers control validity of priority information
RAT_2 f_1 • eUTRAN: T320; UTRAN: T322; GERAN: T3230

AbsPrioCellReselec AdjLAbsPrioCellReselec
Serving WCDMA cell absolute priority LTE neighbor frequency absolute priority
RAT_1 f_2 Value 0 / 7 = lowest / highest priority For reselection and blind redirection
WCEL; 0..7, 0 Value 0 / 7 = lowest / highest priority
Not applied to inter-frequency reselection HOPL; 0..7, 1
RAT_1 f_1
AdjLFreqPriority
LTE neighbor frequency absolute priority
For measurement based redirection and HO to LTE
Value 0 / 7 = lowest / highest priority
HOPL; 0..7, 0
16 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018
3GPP Priority Layer Concept AdjLEARFCN
E-UTRA ARFCN of neighboring DL E-UTRA frequency
ADJL; 0..65535, 1; default: none
ADJL
AdjLEARFCN AdjLMeasBw
AdjLMeasBw Bandwidth common for all neighboring
HOPL E-UTRA cells on carrier frequency
LTE AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA Number of resource blocks over which
the UE could measure
AdjLAbsPrioCellReselec
ADJL; Range & Step: 6, 15, 25, 50,
HOPL: AdjLThreslow HOPL: AdjLThreshigh 75, 100

AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA
lower LTE Layer Priority higher Minimum required RSRP level LTE neighbor cell must
exceed before cell re-selection becomes possible.
HOPL; -140..-44 dBm, 2 dBm; - 130dBm

WCEL
Sprioritysearch1
3G Sprioritysearch2
Threshservlow
Threshservlow2
WCEL: AbsPrioCellReselec

17 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

LTE Measurement Rules
Higher priority layer

• If the UE has received absolute priority information for different layers and there
is a layer with higher priority than the current serving layer, the UE follows this
rule:
UE starts to search higher priority layers immediately. Each
(Nlayers * 60) seconds
it checks whether LTE coverage is available or not. Nlayers refers to number of configured higher
priority layers. If the UE detects LTE layer it performs inter RAT measurements independent on air
interface performance of WCDMA server

Priority 7 LTE layer 1

The UE camps in
Priority 5 WCDMA layer
WCDMA layer cell.

Priority 4 LTE layer 2

18 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 LTE Measurement Rules
Lower priority layer
• One of following criteria need to be fulfilled in order to start measurements of lower priority layers.
• Operator can choose criterion to be used in the system via setting the CellSelQualMeas parameter

1. RX level (CPICH RSCP) in serving cell falls below threshold:

Measured RSCP – Minimum RSCP <= RSCP_Threshold1
OR
2. Quality level (CPICH Ec/No) in the serving cell falls below threshold:
Measured Ec/No – Minimum Ec/No <= Ec/No_Threshold1.

The UE is camps in
WCDMA layer cell.
Priority 7 LTE layer 1
CellSelQualMeas WCEL; Ec/No, RSCP; default Ec/No
Minimum RSCP = QrxlevMin WCEL; -119..-25 dBm; 2 dBm; default -115 dBm Priority 5 WCDMA layer
RSCP_Threshold1 = Sprioritysearch1 WCEL; 0..62 dB; 2 dB; default 14 dB
Minimum Ec/No = QqualMin WCEL; -24..0 dB; default -18 dB Priority 4 LTE layer 2

Ec/No_Threshold1 = Sprioritysearch2 WCEL; 0..7 dB; 1 dB; default 4 dB

19 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

LTE Reselection rules RAN2067 RAN3069
Activated Not Activated

Towards higher priority layer

• Reselection triggered if RSRP level of LTE candidate cell is above threshold related
to higher priority layer over defined time period.

during the
Measured RSRP – Minimum RSRP > RSRP_Threshold1 Treselection time period

Minimum RSRP = AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA HOPL; -140..-44 dBm; default -130 dBm

RSRP_Threshold1 = AdjLThreshigh HOPL; 0..62 dB; default 18 dB
Treselection WCEL; 0..31 s, default 2 s
Priority 7 LTE layer 1

Priority 5 WCDMA layer

Priority 4 LTE layer 2

20 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

LTE Reselection rules RAN2067 RAN3069
Activated Not Activated

Towards lower priority layer

• Reselection triggered if
• RSRP level of LTE candidate cell is above threshold related to lower priority layer AND
signal level or quality of current serving cell falls below threshold (both events occur simultaneously over
defined time period).

Measured RSCP – Minimum RSCP <= RSCP_Threshold2

OR
Measured Ec/No – Minimum Ec/No <= 0 during the
Treselection time period
AND
Measured RSRP – Minimum RSRP > RSRP_Threshold2

Minimum RSCP = QrxlevMin WCEL; -119..-25 dB; default -115dBm

RSCP_Threshold2 = Threshservlow WCEL; 0..62 dB; default 2 dB
Minimum Ec/No = QqualMin WCEL; -24..0 dB; default -18dB
Minimum RSRP = AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA HOPL; -140..-44 dBm, default -130 dBm
RSRP_Threshold2 = AdjLThreslow HOPL; 0..62 dB; default 4 dB
21 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018
LTE Reselection rules RAN2067 RAN3069
Activated Activated

Towards higher priority layer

• Reselection triggered if RSRQ level of LTE candidate cell is above threshold related
to higher priority layer over defined time period.

during the
Measured RSRQ – Minimum RSRQ > RSRQ_Threshold1 Treselection time period

Minimum RSRQ = AdjLQqualminEUTRA HOPL; -34..-3 dB; step 1 dB; default -35 dB
RSRQ_Threshold1 = AdjLThreshigh2 HOPL; 0..31 dB, step 1 dB, 32 dB

Priority 7 LTE layer 1

Priority 5 WCDMA layer

Priority 4 LTE layer 2

22 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

LTE Reselection rules RAN2067 RAN3069
Activated Activated

Towards lower priority layer

• Reselection triggered if
• RSRQ level of LTE candidate cell is above threshold related to lower priority layer AND
signal level or quality of current serving cell falls below threshold (both events occur simultaneously over
defined time period).

Measured RSCP – Minimum RSCP <= RSCP_Threshold2

OR
Measured Ec/No – Minimum Ec/No <= Ec/No_Threshold2 during the
Treselection time period
AND
Measured RSRQ – Minimum RSRQ > RSRQ_Threshold2
Minimum RSCP = QrxlevMin WCEL; -119..-25 dB; default -115dBm
RSCP_Threshold2 = Threshservlow WCEL; 0..62 dB; default 2 dB
Minimum Ec/No = QqualMin WCEL; -24..0 dB; default -18dB
Ec/No_Threshold2 = Threshservlow2 WCEL; 0..31 dB; default 0 dB
Minimum RSRQ = AdjLQrxqualminEUTRA HOPL; -34..-3 dB; default -35 dB
RSRQ_Threshold2 = AdjLThreslow2 HOPL; 0..31 dB; default 32 dB
23 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018
 Summary (RSRP based Reselection)
Reselection from 3G to LTE:
higher prio lower prio • Cell reselection to cell on higher absolute priority layer
Serving cell
IRAT cell IRAT cell than the camped frequency if:
RSRP (LTE) > Threshold high
Reselect to Reselect to • Cell reselection to cell on lower absolute priority layer
better cell level higher priority lower priority than the camped frequency if:
IRAT cell IRAT cell • RSCP (server) < Threshservlow OR
Qqual (server) < 0 AND
• RSRP (LTE) > Threshold high

worse cell level Threshold high AdjLThreshigh

HOPL, 0...62; 2; 18 dB
i.e. RSRP > -112 dBm

AdjLThreslow
Threshold low HOPL, 0...62; 2; 4 dB
i.e. RSRP > -126 dBm
Sprioritysearch1
0...62 dB; 14 dB
i.e.: RSCP < -101 dBm

Threshservlow
WCEL; 0..62 dB; 2 dB
i.e.: RSCP < -113 dBm

24 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Scenario RSRP based Reselection
SIB19

UTRA Priority Info

Treselection timer Treselection timer Threshservlow 2dB
Sprioritysearch1 14dB
3G
2 seconds 2 seconds 4G
Sprioritysearch2 2dB
4G
4G AbsPrioCellReselec 3
3G
4G

-115 + 14 (Qrxlevmin + Sprioritysearch1) 4G EUTRA Priority Info List

3G 3G
3G
WCDMA RSCP [dBm]

3G 3G

LTE RSRP [dBm]

3G 3G 3G 3G 3G

-115 + 2 (Qrxlevmin + Threshservlow) EUTRA layer 1

AdjLEARFCN 1401
AdjLMeasBw 50
AdjLAbsPrioCellReselec 7
AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA -130dBm
AdjLThreshigh 18dB
AdjLThreslow 4dB
-130 + 18 (AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA + AdjLThreshigh)

EUTRA layer 2
AdjLEARFCN 6240
-130 + 4 (AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA + AdjLThreslow) AdjLMeasBw 50
AdjLAbsPrioCellReselec 2
AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA -130dBm
AdjLThreshigh 18dB
Time [s] AdjLThreslow 4dB
WCDMA layer RSCP
LTE layer 1 RSRP (1800MHz)
QqualMin -15dB
LTE layer 2 RSRP (800MHz) QrxlevMin -115dBm
SIB3
Treselection 2s
SIB4 TreselectionPCH 2s

25 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Scenario RSRQ based Reselection
SIB19
Treselection timer UTRA Priority Info
RAN3069 Threshservlow 2dB
2 seconds Threshservlow2 1dB
Sprioritysearch1 14dB
4G
3G 4G Sprioritysearch2 2dB
4G
3G
AbsPrioCellReselec 3

-115 + 14 (Qrxlevmin + Sprioritysearch1)

EUTRA Priority Info List
3G 3G 3G 3G
WCDMA RSCP [dBm]

3G 3G 3G 3G 3G
3G

LTE RSRQ [dB]

-115 + 2 (Qrxlevmin + Threshservlow) EUTRA layer 1
AdjLEARFCN 1401
AdjLMeasBw 50
AdjLAbsPrioCellReselec 7
AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA -130dBm
-18 + 4 (AdjLQqualminEUTRA + AdjLThreshigh2) AdjLQqualMinEUTRA -18dB
AdjLThreshigh 18dB
-130 + 18 (AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA + AdjLThreshigh) AdjLThreslow 4dB
AdjLThreshigh2 4dB
AdjLThreslow2 4dB

-130 + 4 (AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA + AdjLThreslow)

EUTRA layer 2
AdjLEARFCN 6240
AdjLMeasBw 50
Time [s] AdjLAbsPrioCellReselec 2
AdjLQrxlevminEUTRA -130dBm
WCDMA layer RSCP AdjLQqualMinEUTRA -18dB
AdjLThreshigh 18dB
LTE layer 1 RSRP (1800MHz) SIB3 AdjLThreslow 4dB
LTE layer 2 RSRQ (1800MHz) SIB4 QqualMin -15dB AdjLThreshigh2 4dB
QrxlevMin -115dBm AdjLThreslow2 4dB
Treselection 2s
TreselectionPCH 2s

26 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

WCDMA – LTE MOBILITY
• WCDMA - LTE Mobility Overview
• LTE Measurements
• Cell Reselection to LTE
• Redirection and HO to LTE
• Features
• Trigger
• Prerequisites for execution
• HO to LTE
• Load Balancing

27 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Redirection Features
• RAN2717 Smart LTE Layering
Blind redirection to LTE (without prior measurements) SmartLTELayeringEnabled 
WCEL; 0 (Disabled), 1..4 (Enabled
for different state transition
• RAN2980 Measurement Based LTE Layering events), (0) Default

LTE measurements in compressed mode prior to redirection

• Users with RT RAB will not be redirected to LTE

Cell_DCH RRC_CONNECTED

RA
N
ba 2980
Cell_FACH sed Me
RA LT asu
N2 E L rem
Cell_PCH 717 aye e
La Sm rin nt
URA_PCH yer art g
ing LT
E

UTRA_IDLE RRC_IDLE

28 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Trigger
• Both features use lower activity as opportunity for redirection
In case of trigger 1 redirection prevents state transition
• Measurement based LTE layering applied additionally periodic check whether
redirection is possible

Trigger 1 (T1):
RRC State Change Cell_DCH to CCH: Trigger 2 (T2) :
LTE capable UE in CELL_DCH being transitioned to HSDPA/HSPA to DCH/DCH : Triggers
other state (CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, URA_PCH) Channel type switch from E-DCH/HS-DCH to introduced in
DCH/DCH or DCH/HS-DCH to DCH/DCH with bit RAN2717
rate other than 0 (pure release cases excluded)

Redirection to LTE
Trigger 3 (T3): Trigger4 (T4):
CS RAB Release:
Periodic trigger:
LTE capable UE has CS and PS RAB, and CS RAB
is being released (UE stays in CELL_DCH state in When LTE capable UE enters CELL_DCH with active
PS RAB, configurable timer starts Triggers
WCDMA) introduced in
After expiration measurements done. If measured RAN2980
RSRP and RSRQ exceed configurable thresholds UE is
redirected to LTE system

29 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Prerequisites for Execution
• RAN2717 Smart LTE Layering
• When redirection is triggered, the following checks are made
• Is WCDMA coverage GOOD enough ? SmartLTELayeringRSCP  
• Are many simultaneous NRT users in the cell ? WCEL; 0 (not applied), -115..-25 dBm,
(not applied) Default
• Has the WCDMA service been establish for enough time already ?
SmartLTELayeringUA  
• If all these checks are positive, redirection is performed WCEL; 0 (not applied), 1..255,
(not applied) Default

SmartLTELayeringPrevT  
RNMOBI; 0 (not applied), 1..120 s,
(20 s) Default

30 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Prerequisites for Execution
• RAN2980 Measurement Based LTE Layering
• When redirection is triggered, the following checks are made
• Are many simultaneous NRT users in the cell ? SmartLTELayeringUA  
• Is there a high HSDPA power consumption per user ? WCEL; 0 (not applied), 1..255,
(not applied) Default
• If all these checks are positive, LTE measurements are configured
• Adjacent carriers are measured in priority order (remember LTElayerCellHsLoad  
AdjLFreqPriority parameter) WCEL; 1..50 dBm,
(31 dBm) Default
• For redirection an LTE neighbor must be found with
• RSRP good enough AND
• RSRQ good enough AdjLFreqPriority
Value 0 / 7 = lowest / highest priority
HOPL; 0..7, 0

AdjLMinRSRPLevel  
HOPL; -140..-44 dBm,
(-112 dBm) Default

AdjLMinRSRQLevel  
HOPL; -19.5..-3 dB,
(-12 dB) Default

31 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 HO to LTE
• RAN2264 Smart LTE Handover
• Fully analogue to RAN2980 Measurement Based LTE Layering
• Same trigger
• Same load prerequisites on WCDMA side
• Same air interface prerequisites on LTE side
• But now HO attempt to LTE instead of redirection
• Resource preparation required in target cell
• Might fail e.g. because of too high load (e.g. too many simultaneous
users)

HO to LTE must be
enabled also on LTE side Cell_DCH RRC_CONNECTED
RAN2264 Smart LTE
LTE57 Incoming HO from Handover
UTRAN
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
URA_PCH

UTRA_IDLE RRC_IDLE

32 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

WCDMA – LTE MOBILITY
• WCDMA - LTE Mobility Overview
• LTE Measurements
• Cell Reselection to LTE
• Redirection and HO to LTE
• Features
• Smart LTE Handover
• Measurement Based LTE layering
• Trigger
• Prerequisites for execution
• HO to LTE
• Load Balancing

33 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
RAN2264: introduces inter-system handover from WCDMA to FDD-LTE and/or TDD-LTE

Compress mode  LTE coverage is available ?

WCDMA cell load is too high for satisfying QoS ?

UE in WCDMA
Cell_DCH

rage
LTE coverag MA cove
e WCD

34 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
Triggers - There are four main events that may trigger Smart LTE Handover:
State Change Cell_DCH to CCH HSDPA/HSPA to DCH/DCH CTS CS RAB Release with PS service Periodic trigger

 Inactivity (state change from  The reconfiguration from  CS RAB release trigger  Expiry of new supervisory timer
Cell_DCH to CCH) triggers IS HSDPA to DCH (CTS) means means case where an UE has set for PS RAB connections
LTE measurements followed cases where E-DCH/HS- CS RAB and at least one triggers LTE measurements
by handoverdecision towards DSCH --> DCH/DCH or active PS RAB and then CS followed by handover decision
LTE DCH/HS-DSCH --> RAB is released (UE would  When LTE capable UE’s enter into
DCH/DCH) with some other stay in CELL_DCH state in CELL_DCH state, timer starts.
bit rate than 0 (pure release WCDMA). After expiration, measurements are
cases are excluded). done.

UTRAN Connected Mode

You can measure LTE
Cell_PCH URA_PCH DCH layers when timer expires

HS-
Cell_DCH Cell_FACH DSCH

Mr (10-100sec)
Periodical Timer

3
LTE c 1 One of 4 triggering event appeared
o verag
e 2 2 LTE measurments started
WCD
MA c 3 LTE handover decision
overa
ge CELL_DCH 1

35 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
• RAN2264 Smart LTE Handover provides a solution for inter-system handover from UMTS to LTE
• handover towards specific cell rather than re-direction towards RF carrier
• requirement for LTE neighbour lists within the UMTS network (ADJE)
• Uses the same triggering mechanisms as RAN2980 Measurement Based LTE Layering:
Trigger 1 (T1): RRC State Change Cell_DCH to CCH
Trigger 2 (T2): HSDPA/HSPA to DCH/DCH CTS
Seamless handover based on several triggers Trigger 3 (T3): CS RAB Release with PS ongoing
Trigger 4 (T4): Periodic trigger

Cell_DCH EMM_CONNECTED

RRC_IDLE

• UE is moved from WCDMA to LTE by handover to an LTE cell. Inter-RAT measurements are used for
searching for the best LTE cells. Handover and relocation signaling is applied

36 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
• Using WCEL-LTEHandoverEnabled parameter, it can be set which triggers combination will be used for
redirection:
Value "0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8"

T1 T1 T2 T1 T1 T2 T1 T1 T2 T1 T1 T2
Trigger Feature
combinations disabled
T3 T3 T4 T4 T3 T4 T3 T4

• Load criterion for triggering measurements is applied:

• If the cell is highly loaded, LTE is preferred, i.e. measurements and handover can be initiated
• If the cell is not highly loaded, WCDMA is preferred, i.e. measurements and handover cannot be initiated

• There are two load criteria:

• HSDPA power per user - RAN2980 Measurement Based LTE Layering
• NRT user amount - RAN2717 Smart LTE Layering
Trigger 1 (T1): RRC State Change Cell_DCH to CCH
Trigger 2 (T2): HSDPA/HSPA to DCH/DCH CTS
Trigger 3 (T3): CS RAB Release with PS ongoing
Trigger 4 (T4): Periodic trigger
37 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018
 Smart LTE Handover
• HSDPA power per user:
• HSDPA power per user, originating from RAN2980 Measurement Based LTE Layering
• (WCEL-LTELayerCellHSLoad)
LTELayerCellHSLoad 
WCEL; 1..50 dBm, step 1 dBm
(31) Default
• Measured power per user must be lower than the parameter value in order to enable LTE
measurements
• The HSDPA power per user criterion is ignored if the special value “0” is set
=1
P NRTHSDPA * CellWeightForHSDPALayering
Max(NumberOfNRTHSDPAusers,1)

• For this feature, CellWeightForHSDPALayering always equals 1

38 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover

• HSDPA power per user:

• NRT user amount, originating from RAN2717 Smart LTE Layering
• (WCEL-SmartLTELayeringUA) SmartLTELayeringUA 
WCEL; 5.-.255, step 1 user amount
(0) Default

• The configured NRT user amount threshold must be

exceeded before measurements are initiated
• NRT user amount threshold of the SRNC main cell is
checked WCEL-SmartLTELayeringUA

Number of NRT users

• Users utilizing Interactive or Background RABs are
counted as NRT users Measurements allowed

• The user amount criterion is ignored if the special value

“0” is set Measurements not allowed

Time

39 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
Service restrictions
• Inter-RAT handover from WCDMA to LTE is supported for the following services:
• PS Interactive (NRT) QoS class – request-response-pattern (e.g. web browsing)
• PS Background (NRT) QoS class - destination is not expecting the data within a certain time (e.g. E-
mails)
• Multi-RAB combinations: 1…3 NRT PS (Interactive/Background only) RABs
• Operator can choose which services can be handed over to LTE via
• RNMOBI-SmartLTELayeringServ parameter;
• handover is allowed only if every PS RAB of the UE is allowed to be handed over
• Bit 2 (PS Streaming) and Bit 3 (PS Conversational) of the RNMOBI-SmartLTELayeringServ parameter
are ignored for the need of handover as PS Conversational and PS Streaming RABs cannot be handed
over to LTE

RNMOBI-SmartLTELayeringServ

Bit 0: Background,
Bit 1: Interactive,
3 (0011) 01 –– redirection not allowed
redirection allowed

Bit 2: PS Streaming,
Bit 3: PS Conversational Bit 0
Bit 3 Bit 2
(3) Default Bit 1

40 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
Service restrictions

• Inter-RAT handover from WCDMA to LTE is not supported for the following services:
• PS Conversational (RT) QoS class – I-RAT handover for multi-RABs containing this QoS class is
also not supported
• PS Streaming (RT) QoS class – I-RAT handover for multi-RABs containing this QoS class is also not
supported
• Push-To-Talk RABs - if UE has PTT RAB established, the measurements for inter-RAT WCDMA to
LTE handover cannot be be started; PTT identification is done by RAN2300 Optimized Push-To-Talk
Experience via comparing RAB parameters of the new RAB to values set to the RNP parameter
PTTUEMapping – if parameters match, RAB is considered as PTT
• CS RABs – if UE has any CS RAB established, the measurements for inter-RAT WCDMA to LTE
handover cannot be started

41 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
Service restrictions

• Dedicated prevention timer

• RAN2264 Smart LTE Handover does not use RNMOBI-SmartLTELayeringPrevT parameter introduced by
the RAN2717 Smart LTE Layering feature
• This gives a possibility to control layering and handover mechanisms individually
• Now, Handover Control entity determines minimum interval between a successful inter-RAT handover
from LTE to WCDMA and the following inter-RAT handover attempt back to LTE related to the same RRC
connection (RNC/FMCL-LTEMinHoInterval)
• LTE Division Duplex
• Handover Control uses the WCEL-SmartLTELayeringTSysSel parameter for deciding whether WCDMA
to LTE inter-RAT handover is allowed to LTE-FDD, LTE-TDD or both radio technologies

LTEMinHoInterval  SmartLTELayeringTSysSel 
RNC/FMCL; 1.-.60 s, step 1 WCEL; 0 (redirection allowed to all neighbors),
sec. (10) Default 1 (redirection allowed just to FDD
neighbors),
2 (redirection allowed just to TDD
neighbors) (10) Default

42 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
Handover prioritization:
• Handover Control decides whether handover or redirection is used when a trigger (T1,T2, T3, or T4) initiates
LTE measurements.
If the LTE measurement is started due to handover, the decision is not changed during the
measurement.
• If LTE measurements does not allow handover, a new trigger is needed for LTE redirection.
• LTE handover is prioritized over LTE redirection - if both LTE handover (WCEL-LTEHandoverEnabled)
and LTE redirection, either w/ or w/o measurements, (WCEL-SmartLTELayeringEnabled) are simultaneously
enabled.
• LTE handover is prioritized for the UE if the following 4 conditions are true:
• Condition 1. UE capability indicates support of Inter-RAT LTE handover for the radio technology (LTE-
FDD/LTE-TDD)
handover

age
LTE coverage MA cover
WCD

43 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
Handover prioritization:
• Condition 2. Streaming PS RAB is not established (only RAN2980 Measurement based LTE Layering
can trigger LTE measurements in this case)

As PS Streaming RABs cannot be handed over, Handover control, we will try to do redirection
with measurements  Start Measure LTE Frequencies and send the report (**).

• ** The decision to redirect the UE with or without measurements is done according to

RAN2980 Measurements based LTE Layering settings:
• WCEL- SmartLTELayeringEnabled,
• RNMOBI- SmartLTELayeringServ
• WCEL-LTELayeringMeasActivation
• and
handover • trigger type.

age
LTE coverag MA cover
e WC D

44 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
Handover prioritization:
• Condition 3. Handover is not prohibited by the timer defined by the RNC/FMCL-LTEMinMeasInterval
parameter (otherwise redirection w/o measurements is prioritized)
• Condition 4. Handover is not prohibited by the timer defined by the RNC/FMCL-LTEMinHoInterval
parameter
RNC/FMCL-LTEMinMeasInterval timer is RNC/FMCL-LTEMinHoInterval timer is
started as at this point of time an started as at this point of time an
unseccesfull inter_RAT LTE measurements unseccesfull inter_RAT LTE
were finished measurements were finished

Trigger appears. Handover is prevented. Possibility Trigger appears. Handover is prevented.

for redirection w/o measurements is checked. Possibility for redirection is checked.
RNC/FMCL-LTEMinMeasInterval RNC/FMCL-LTEMinHoInterval
timer expiration time timer expiration time

Trigger Trigger Trigger Trigger

T2 T3 T2 T3

Time Time

45 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

 Smart LTE Handover
• Smart LTE Handover also offers a possibility to limit UEs allowed to be handed over to LTE.
1
• When the limitation is activated,
• handover to LTE is allowed only to UEs, that are indicated to be redirected from LTE to WCDMA
and/or are indicated to be in WCDMA because of CS fallback (CSFB).
2

• Each limitation guarantees that the user has the LTE subscription and it has been in LTE (that is, LTE
coverage was available when the UE came to WCDMA).

• The first limitation is activated with the 002:1916 RN60_MAINT_41 PRFILE parameter and the latter with
the CSFBDetection parameter.

CSFBDetection 
RNMOBI; 0 (Disabled), LTE coverage
1 (Enabled for blind redirection cases only),
2 (Enabled for all cases) [0 (Disabled)], 1
2
WCD
MA c
ov erage CELL_DCH

46 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

WCDMA – LTE MOBILITY
• WCDMA - LTE Mobility Overview
• LTE Measurements
• Cell Reselection to LTE
• Redirection and HO to LTE
• Features
• Smart LTE Handover
• Measurement Based LTE layering
• Trigger
• Prerequisites for execution
• HO to LTE
• Load Balancing

47 RN31630-V-18 © Nokia 2018

Measurement Based LTE Layering
• Redirection is based on measurements of LTE RSRP and RSRQ.
• There is a possibility to redirect UEs with active PS data transmission, from RRC Cell DCH to LTE
using LTEPeriodicTriggerTimer.
• If UE is in a “black spot” of LTE coverage, it is not redirected
LTEPeriodicTriggerTimer 
RNC; Min: 10 Step: 1 Max:100
Unit: sec (20) Default
• Decreases UE camping time on LTE layers and prevents from
“ping-pong” effect.
• Many scenarios with different trigger combinations for blind or
measurement based layering on a cell level UEs make measurements on
LTE frequencies and RRM
decides about redirection
• If RAN1668 “HSUPA Compressed Mode for LTE and IFHO”
feature is not implemented: I stay in
• HSUPA (E-DCH), is then reconfigured to DCH, before Redirected to LTE

WCDMA
initiating the compressed mode measurements.

• Note: CM (Compressed Mode) detailed information can be found in appendix

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Measurement Based LTE Layering

Value Trigger combinations

• RAN2980 use four triggers that can start the
process of moving UEs to LTE, if UE is LTE capable: "0"  Feature disabled
"1" T1

Trigger 1 (T1): RRC State Change Cell_DCH to CCH

"2" T1 T2
Trigger 2 (T2): HSDPA/HSPA to DCH/DCH CTS
Trigger 3 (T3): CS RAB Release
Trigger 4 (T4): Periodic trigger "3" T1 T3

"4" T1 T2 T3

• Using WCEL-SmartLTELayeringEnabled "5" T1 T4

parameter, it can be set which triggers
combination will be used for redirection: "6" T1 T2 T4

"7" T1 T3 T4

"8" T1 T2 T3 T4

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 Measurement Based LTE Layering
• It also can be set for which triggers measurements will be executed. It is set with
LTELayeringMeasActivation parameter:

Value "0" "1"

With
T4 T1 T2 T3 T4
Measurements

without
measurements T1 T2 T3

• Majority of UEs require compressed mode (CM) to perform LTE inter-system measurements. During
CM transmission gap of length of 10 time slots which spans over 2 consecutive radio frames is used to
make measurements.

• Dual receiver UE’s do not require CM to listen to other frequencies.

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 Measurement Based LTE Layering
Compressed Mode information

• RNC send to UE the PHYSICAL CHANNEL

RECONFIGURATION message (RRC ) with
following information: UE NodeB RNC

• Compressed Mode Info NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration

prepare
• Transmission Gap Starting Slot Number
Compressed Mode parameters
• Transmission Gap length
• Other Transmission Gap info. RRC: Physical Channel Reconfiguration

Compressed Mode parameters, Transmission Gap Starting Slot

• RNC sends specific RRC activate CM and triggers Number, Transmission Gap Length, etc.

measurements in UE with MEASUREMENT

NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration
CONTROL message (RRC) with information as: Commit (CM Activation)
• E-UTRA carrier frequencies list, (also in SIB19)
• measurement bandwidth, RRC: Measurement Control
• reporting mode, (measurements are sent (CM Activation, triggering measurements)
periodically)
LTE frequencies, measurement bandwidth, measurement
• Measurements are reported every 500ms. mode, transmission gap pattern
• transmission gap pattern, etc.

• Note: CM (Compressed Mode) detailed information can be found in appendix

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 Measurement Based LTE Layering
MEASUREMENT REPORT

• Measurement results are sent from UE via RRC in Measurement

Report
• LTE Reference symbol received power UE NodeB RNC
• RSRP and RSRQ
• RRM – Handover Entity – compares averaged measurements RRC: MEASUREMENT REPORT
results to thresholds.
Reference signal received power
• averaging time period = LTEMeasAveWindow RSRP and RSRQ.
• Maximum measurement period = LTEMaxMeasPeriod.
RRM:
• RRM ranks LTE carrier frequencies according to measured RRC: CONNECTION RELEASE Prioritizatio
n process
RSRQ values, and put in that order to the list.*
RRC CONNECTION RELEASE
message contains IE “Redirection
• Maximum 8 carriers frequencies can be sent over IE “E-UTRA Info” with prioritized frequencies to
Target Info” through RRC Connection Release message. camp on.

* LTE Frequencies are placed in prioritized manner in the Redirection Info IE but 3GGP doesn’t specify on which frequency UE
should start camping. It is UE specific implementation.

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 Measurement Based LTE Layering

TIMERS (in case of T1, T2 or T3 triggers)

• If trigger T1 or T2 or T3 appears,
• UE capability is checked together with all preconditions for redirection

Trigger appears
(T1 or T2 or T3)

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 time (s)

UE capability and
preconditions checks,
Trigger 1 (T1): RRC State Change Cell_DCH to CCH
CM measurements
start
Trigger 2 (T2): HSDPA/HSPA to DCH/DCH CTS
Trigger 3 (T3): CS RAB Release
Trigger 4 (T4): Periodic trigger

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 Measurement Based LTE Layering
TIMERS (in case of T1, T2 or T3 triggers)
• LTE Maximum Measurement Period – defines maximum allowed period during which LTE measurements
are performed. If the RNC is not able to redirect the UE to LTE system during this period, then RNC asks
UE to stop the LTE measurements (default 6s)

LTE Maximum Measurement

Period (time for redirection
decision)
Trigger appears
(T1 or T2 or T3)

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 time (s)

UE capability and End of measurements.

preconditions checks, If UE wasn’t redirected, next
CM measurements redirection will be possible when
start LTEMinMeasInterval expires

Trigger 1 (T1): RRC State Change Cell_DCH to CCH

Trigger 2 (T2): HSDPA/HSPA to DCH/DCH CTS
Trigger 3 (T3): CS RAB Release
Trigger 4 (T4): Periodic trigger

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 Measurement Based LTE Layering
TIMERS (in case of T1, T2 or T3 triggers)
• LTE Minimum Measurement Interval - determines the minimum interval between Inter-RAT (LTE)
measurement procedure which didn’t led to redirection and the following LTE measurement procedure
related to the same RRC connection (default 5s). During that period, measurements are forbidden.

LTE Maximum Measurement

Period (time for redirection Measurements
decision) forbidden
Trigger appears
(T1 or T2 or T3)

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 time (s)

UE capability and End of measurements. Measurements allowed again

preconditions checks, If UE wasn’t redirected, next if trigger appears
CM measurements redirection will be possible when
start LTEMinMeasInterval expires

Trigger 1 (T1): RRC State Change Cell_DCH to CCH

Trigger 2 (T2): HSDPA/HSPA to DCH/DCH CTS
Trigger 3 (T3): CS RAB Release
Trigger 4 (T4): Periodic trigger
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 Measurement Based LTE Layering
TIMERS (for T4 trigger – periodic trigger)
• LTE Periodic Trigger Timer – starts when UE enters Cell DCH with active PS RAB, when expires,
measurements are started (default 20s) and timer is set again.
• If any other trigger appears and it won’t lead to redirection (e.g. too low measured values), and UE still
transmits PS data, timer is set again.
• Timer is set periodically until redirection decision is made OR UE has no data to transmit and PS RAB is
released.
LTE Periodic LTE Maximum Measurements
Measurement Period Measurements allowed if other
Trigger Timer
(time for redirection forbidden trigger appears
(default 20s)
Trigger 4 (T4) decision)
Timer set Timer set again Timer set again

… …
…
1 19 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 8
time (s)
UE enters UE specific RRC End of measurements. Measurements UE specific RRC activates
CELL_DCH (PS activates CM and If UE wasn’t redirected,next allowed again CM and triggers
RAB) triggers redirection will be possible measurements (If UE
measurements when LTEMinMeasInterval continues data activity)
expires

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 Measurement Based LTE Layering

During LTE Maximum Measurement Period following actions take place:

• Measurement reports are sent every 500 ms (hardcoded) during LTE Maximum Measurement Period
• LTE Neighbor Carrier Frequency Search Period – this parameter prevents UE redirection to LTE
system, which eliminates too fast redirections based on only few measurements.

LTE Maximum
LTE Periodic Measurement Period (time Measurements Measurements
Trigger Timer for redirection decision) forbidden allowed if other
trigger appears

… …
…
1 19 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 8
time (s)
Redirection not
allowed

LTE Neighbour Carrier

Measurements are
Frequency Search
sent every 500 ms
(default 1.5 s)

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 Measurement Based LTE Layering

• LTE Measurement Averaging Window – determines the maximum period for averaging the received
periodical LTE measurement reports (maximum size of the sliding averaging window) from which the
RNC calculates the averaged LTE RSRP and RSRQ

LTE Maximum
LTE Periodic Measurement Period Measurements Measurements
Trigger Timer (time for redirection forbidden allowed if other
decision) trigger appears

… …
…
1 19 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 8
time (s)
Redirection not
allowed

LTE Neighbour Carrier Sliding averaging

Measurements are
Frequency Search window
sent every 500 ms
(default 1.5 s) (default 3 s)

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WCDMA – LTE MOBILITY
• WCDMA - LTE Mobility Overview
• LTE Measurements
• Cell Reselection to LTE
• Redirection and HO to LTE
• Load Balancing

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WCDMA-LTE Load Balancing
Introduction

• RAN2892: WCDMA-LTE Load Balancing feature prevents redirections and handovers from WCDMA layer
to high-loaded LTE cells.
• When high load of LTE cell is identified
S-GW MME SGSN RNC
• Redirections and handovers from WCDMA to this LTE
cell stopped
• Penalty timer for that cell started
• After penalty timer expires, RNC returns to the normal
LTE
traffic steering
• If RNC receives another high-load indication from the LTE LTE
cell before penalty timer has expired, the penalty timer is WCDMA
restarted for it WCDMA
WCDMA

WCDMALTELoadBalEnabled 
WCEL; 0 (Disabled), 1 (Enabled),
(0) Default

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WCDMA-LTE Load Balancing
High LTE load detected by outgoing HO preparation failure

Detecting highly loaded LTE Setting penalty Suspending traffic steering

Outgoing LTE handover failure

(due to load reasons)

• 3G initiates handover to target LTE cell LOAD

THRESHOLD
• eNB rejects handover due load reasons
LTE
• Source RNC detects that handover to LTE cell has been rejected due to load via RANAP
RELOCATION PREPARATION FAILURE message
• Message contains Radio Network Layer Cause inform of cause information element
(integer with range 1 – 64)
RANAPCause2LTELoadOutHO 
• High LTE load indicated, if failure cause value matches settings of RNMOBI; 0..512,
RANAPCause1LTELoadOutHO or RANAPCause2LTELoadOutHO parameters 0 = not applied (Default)
• Default setting is No Radio Resources Available in Target cell (53)
RANAPCause1LTELoadOutHO 
• Operator may map, however, any Radio Network Layer Cause to the
RNMOBI; 0..512,
RANAPCause1/2LTELoadOutHo parameters 53 = no radio resources available
• LTE cell identified in RANAP message by physical cell ID PCI in target cell (Default)

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WCDMA-LTE Load Balancing
High LTE load detected by incoming HO due to load

Detecting highly loaded LTE Setting penalty Suspending traffic steering

Incoming LTE handover

(due to load reasons)

• eNB initiates handover to 3G due to load reasons (LTE1357 LTE UTRAN load balancing) LOAD
THRESHOLD
• target RNC detects that incoming handover from LTE is due to high load in LTE cell via RANAP
RELOCATION REQUEST message LTE
• Message contains Radio Network Layer Cause inform of cause information element (integer
with range 1 – 64)
• High LTE load indicated, if HO cause value matches settings of RANAPCause1LTELoadInHO
or RANAPCause2LTELoadInHO parameters RANAPCause2LTELoadInHO 
• Default setting is Reduce Load in Serving Cell (52) RNMOBI; 0..512,
0 = not applied (Default)
• Operator may map, however, any Radio Network Layer Cause to the
RANAPCause1/2LTELoadOutHo parameters RANAPCause1LTELoadInHO 
• LTE cell identified in RANAP message by cell global ID CGI, mapped to PCI with ADJE object RNMOBI; 0..512,
52 = reduce load in serving cell
(Default)

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WCDMA-LTE Load Balancing
Penalty Timer

Detecting highly loaded LTE Setting penalty Suspending traffic steering

Penalty timer

• Whenever RNC determines that LTE cell is in high load, penalty timer
for that LTE cell is started

• Information available not only to source, but all WCDMA cells RNC CN eNodeB
controlled by RNC
RANAP: RELOCATION REQUIRED

• If penalty timer for the LTE cells running, and RNC determines that it is LOAD REASON
still under high load conditions, then penalty timer is restarted for it RANAP: RELOCATION PREPARATION FAILURE

• Penalty timer applied only to cells configured in WCDMA as LTE

Penalty timer started
neighbor cells
LOAD REASON
• RNMOBI\PenaltyTimerLTELoadHo defines the penalty time for the
RANAP: RELOCATION REQUEST
LTE neighbor cell that has been detected as highly loaded

Penalty timer restarted

PenaltyTimerLTELoadInHO 
RNMOBI; 0..60s,
10s (Default)

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WCDMA-LTE Load Balancing
Consequences for HO to LTE

Detecting highly loaded LTE Setting penalty Suspending traffic steering

• RNC stops traffic steering action towards LTE cells that are penalized 1

• If RAN2264 Smart LTE Handover trigger appears

• UE ordered to perform LTE measurements and to send reports towards RNC
• RNC creates cell ranking according target cell selection criteria (first frequency priority,
than RSRQ)
• LTE cell on top of the list under penalty, next one qualified to be target LTE cell for handover
and not under penalty is chosen
• If HO cannot be initiated, then following actions are taken according to the RAN2264 Smart LTE
Handover trigger:

T1: RRC state change T2: Channel Type Switch T3: CS RAB release T4: Periodic trigger
• As trigger implies that • If UE does not need to • If PS RAB is active, UE • If PS RAB is active, UE
UE cannot be kept in be transitioned to is kept in CELL_DCH is kept in CELL_DCH
CELL_DCH, UE is common channel
• Otherwise, UE is • Otherwise, UE is
transitioned to states, UE is kept in
transitioned to transitioned to
common channel state CELL_DCH, and CTS is
common channel state common channel state
done

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WCDMA-LTE Load Balancing
Consequences for redirection

Detecting highly loaded LTE Setting penalty Suspending traffic steering

• RNC stops traffic steering action towards LTE cells that are penalized 2
• if RAN2980 Measurement-based LTE Layering or RAN2717 Smart LTE Layering trigger appears
RNC checks for LTE cells under penalty
• LTE cells which
• Are under penalty and belong to LTE frequency layers selected for redirection AND
• Are defined as ADJE neighbor cell
• These LTE cells are signaled as blacklisted in the RRC CONNECTION RELEASE message
• If all LTE (ADJE) neighbors from selected frequency layer* are under penalty, then that layer is not
given in RRC CONNECTION RELEASE message
• If all LTE (ADJE) neighbors from all frequency layers* are under penalty, redirection procedure to
LTE is not done at all

* LTETargetFreqCriterion (RNMOBI) decides whether only qualified (measured RSRP above threshold) frequencies
are checked or all defined frequencies are checked (for RAN2980 Measurement-based LTE Layering only)

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