2020 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 Module 2 Lecture 2 - Waterproofing and Dampproofing
2020 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 Module 2 Lecture 2 - Waterproofing and Dampproofing
2020 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 Module 2 Lecture 2 - Waterproofing and Dampproofing
Module 2 Lecture 2
Waterproofing and Damp Proofing
INTRODUCTION
Climate-regulating building materials control the indoor
climate, and are mainly orientated towards comfort. They can
be subdivided into four groups:
temperature regulating.
air regulating.
noise regulating.
moisture regulating.
Temperature regulating materials
include thermal insulation materials built into the outer walls
and roof that reflect heat radiation or stabilize room
temperature through high thermal capacity.
the materials can be set to absorb any extra heat above the
temperature set in a room.
The main reasons for using temperature regulating
materials are to increase thermal comfort and reduce
energy use for space acclimatization (heating and/or
cooling).
Air regulating materials
usually composed of thin barriers
covering the complete building
envelope to resist air flows through
the construction.
The three major motives are to
increase the thermal comfort for the
inhabitants, reduce the risk of
moisture problems and reduce the
energy needed for space
acclimatization.
Air barriers are also used in internal
walls between cold and warm rooms,
where there is a chance of a draught
being caused in the warm room.
Noise regulating materials
are necessary to reduce transfer of sound of different types
both in and between rooms, as well as between inside and
outside, and to provide a good acoustic climate.
Moisture regulating materials
are used for waterproofing,
and to prevent vapor
produced from people and
processes inside the building
from penetrating walls and
roof and creating moisture
problems, especially through
condensation.
They also include materials
that can regulate and stabilize
moisture both within the
construction and in the indoor
air.
INTRODUCTION
Most building materials are subject to some degradation
by exposure to water.
Building systems must be designed to resist the transfer of
water to the inside of the structure.
Water comes in several forms:
‐ Liquid - The most common way for water to enter a building is in
its liquid form. Leaks may occur that allow rain or groundwater
to infiltrate the building envelope.
‐ Vapor - water may also enter a structure in the form of vapor.
This vapor may migrate through building materials that are not
adequately protected.
‐ Ice - While it is not common for ice to enter a building, the build-
up of ice often leads to water infiltration, as evident in “ice dam”
conditions on sloped roofs.
Absorption of water into a building system or material may
result in several destructive effects:
Dimensional changes
▫ Increase in moisture content causes corresponding dimensional or volume
expansion
▫ As moisture content decreases, a corresponding reduction in dimension
occurs
▫ Changes in moisture content cause stresses resulting in shrinkage cracks or
breaking away from adjacent materials
Chemical attack
▫ Induces a chemical reaction such as corrosion of metals
▫ This reaction does not take place in the absence of water
Efflorescence and leaching
▫ Water dissolves certain soluble salts in masonry, concrete, or mortar and
cause leaching of these salts to the surface as the water migrates outward
▫ This results in efflorescence on the exterior face of the material or
crystallization behind the surface, which causes rupturing
Blistering
▫ Occasionally there is danger of entrapping water in the system during
construction
▫ In that event, there is possibility that the sun’s heat will result in a blister
formation within the system
Freeze-thaw
▫ Scaling of concrete happens as a result of freeze-thaw and when air-
entraining admixture in concrete is absent
BASIC MODES OF WEATHER
PROTECTION
There are three basic modes of weather protection that can be
employed:
Membrane installation
Water diversion
Pressure balancing
Waterproofing and damp-proofing sound like the
same thing, and the general objective of both –
minimizing the travel of water through a substance –
is the same. However, there are major differences.
DAMP PROOFING
Damp proofing - application of a material to reduce the
likelihood of moisture transfer to the inside of a structure.
Damp proofing assumes no hydrostatic pressure is “pushing”
the moisture toward the building.
WATERPROOFING
Waterproofing - application of a material to prevent the
transfer of moisture in liquid form to the inside of a structure in
the presence of hydrostatic pressure.
DAMP PROOFING vs WATERPROOFING
There is a distinct difference between damp proofing and
waterproofing.
Damp proofing is intended to keep out soil moisture. Any concrete or
masonry foundation walls that retain earth and enclose interior spaces
and floors below grade shall be damp-proofed from the top of the
footing to the finished grade.
Damp proofing is a coating, usually asphalt-based, that is either
sprayed on or hand applied to the outside of the wall. The drawbacks
include an inability to seal larger cracks or holes and the potential for
damage by coarse or careless backfill.
With proper surface drainage, correctly installed foundation drains at
the footing, and the absence of hydrostatic pressure to drive water
infiltration, damp proofing can supply adequate and long-lasting
protection for many crawl spaces and basements.
Damp proofing will only retard moisture; it cannot stop a head of water
bearing against the foundation.
Waterproofing keeps out both moisture and liquid water.
Waterproofing is required in areas where a high-water table or other
severe soil-water conditions are known to exist.
WATERPROOFING
TYPES OF WATERPROOFING
WATERPROOFING COATINGS
Acrylic modified cement
Liquid-applied
– Urethane
– Coal tar modified urethane
– Asphalt modified urethane
– Rubberized asphalt
Crystalline
Metal oxide
Bituminous
– Asphalt
– Coal tar pitch
SHEET WATERPROOFING
Preformed panels and rolls
‒ Modified bitumen
‒ Elastomeric
ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), neoprene, chlorosulfonated
polyethylene (CSPE), polyisobutylene (PIB), butadiene-acrylonitrile (NBP)
‒ Thermoplastic
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ethylene PVC interpolymer (EIP)
Built-up bituminous
– Coal tar pitch
– Asphalt
Lead
Bentonite
– Panels
– Sheet
LIQUID MEMBRANES
A liquid membrane is applied
by spray, roller, or trowel. The
liquid cures into a rubbery
coating on the wall.
Liquid membrane is
composed of polymer-
modified asphalt.
Polyurethane liquid
membranes in separate
grades for trowel, roller, or
spray are also available from
various manufacturers.
At the wall-footing joint, a cement
"fillet" (radius or cove) is required
before applying the overall
coating.
Liquid coatings have the
advantages of quick application,
low in-place cost, and excellent
elongation.
One of the chief disadvantages is
the possible inconsistency in
coverage. The typical application
thickness is 60 mils, but it takes a
careful applicator to be sure of
always achieving that minimum
coverage.
SHEET MEMBRANES
The most specified sheet
materials are self-adhering
rubberized asphalt membranes.
These 60-mil-thick membranes
are composed of rubberized
asphalt laminated to a
waterproof polyethylene film.
The asphalt side is incredibly
sticky but is covered by a
release paper, which is
removed during application.
.
A lot of details need to be
learned about surface
preparation, priming, patching,
joint treatment, terminations, lap
joints, penetrations, and
corners.
The system allows easy repairs
of holes, fishmouths, puckers,
and wrinkles. Damaged areas
can be repaired with a piece of
membrane placed right over the
first layer.
A chief advantage of sheet
membranes is their consistent
thickness because they are
manufactured to exacting
tolerances. These membranes
also have good elongation.
A higher material and installation
cost is a disadvantage of sheets,
as compared to liquid
membranes.
Labor cost is expected to be
higher, with all the cutting,
handling, reinforcing, and
detailing during installation.
A rubberized liquid forms a
continuous, seamless coating,
whereas a sheet membrane
results in many seams, with the
potential for a poor seal.
Lap joints should be tight and
properly detailed when using
sheet membranes.
This material also requires
correct use of the manufacturers
mastic or other accessories.
CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING
Cementitious products are
probably the easiest
waterproofing materials to
use. They're readily
available from suppliers of
masonry products, and
they're easy to mix and
apply.
A long-handled brush is
used to apply cementitious
waterproofing products.
An acrylic additive (a white,
milky liquid) is also used to
mix in with the cement
product to have a better
bonding and a more solid,
durable coating.
The chief disadvantage of
cementitious products is
they don't stretch to any
degree. They will stand up
fine to a head of water but
will not tolerate joint or
crack movement.
CONCRETE WATERPROOFING BUILT-UP
SYSTEMS