Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 21 views

    CHAPTER 1.3 Morphology - Prelims

    Uploaded by

    Alex Windsor
    Morphology is the study of the shape and structure of organisms. Bacterial morphology examines the size, shape, and arrangement of bacteria. Bacteria have various envelope structures like capsules, cell walls, and outer membranes that protect them from environmental conditions. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have different cell wall components. Some bacteria also have projecting structures like flagella, pili, and endoflagella. The cytoplasmic membrane encloses the cytoplasm. Internal structures include the nucleoid, mesosomes, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. Some bacteria form endospores as a survival structure in harsh conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    CHAPTER 1.3 Morphology - Prelims

    Uploaded by

    Alex Windsor
    21 views20 pages
    Morphology is the study of the shape and structure of organisms. Bacterial morphology examines the size, shape, and arrangement of bacteria. Bacteria have various envelope structures like capsules, cell walls, and outer membranes that protect them from environmental conditions. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have different cell wall components. Some bacteria also have projecting structures like flagella, pili, and endoflagella. The cytoplasmic membrane encloses the cytoplasm. Internal structures include the nucleoid, mesosomes, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. Some bacteria form endospores as a survival structure in harsh conditions.

    Original Title

    CHAPTER 1.3 morphology - prelims

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Morphology is the study of the shape and structure of organisms. Bacterial morphology examines the size, shape, and arrangement of bacteria. Bacteria have various envelope structures like capsules, cell walls, and outer membranes that protect them from environmental conditions. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have different cell wall components. Some bacteria also have projecting structures like flagella, pili, and endoflagella. The cytoplasmic membrane encloses the cytoplasm. Internal structures include the nucleoid, mesosomes, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. Some bacteria form endospores as a survival structure in harsh conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views20 pages

    CHAPTER 1.3 Morphology - Prelims

    Uploaded by

    Alex Windsor
    Morphology is the study of the shape and structure of organisms. Bacterial morphology examines the size, shape, and arrangement of bacteria. Bacteria have various envelope structures like capsules, cell walls, and outer membranes that protect them from environmental conditions. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have different cell wall components. Some bacteria also have projecting structures like flagella, pili, and endoflagella. The cytoplasmic membrane encloses the cytoplasm. Internal structures include the nucleoid, mesosomes, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. Some bacteria form endospores as a survival structure in harsh conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 20

    Morphology

    • Greek word morph, meaning “form”,


    “shape”
    • Study of shape and structure of organisms
    • Size, shape and arrangement
    Bacterial Morphology
    Serves to protect the bacteria from harsh
    Envelope Structures environmental conditions

    Glycocalyx (Capsule)
    • Gelatinous substance, composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide or both
    • Located external to the cell wall
    • Capsule if strongly attached to the cell wall, slime layer if loosely attached
    • Indicative of virulence, aiding the organism in the envasion of phagocytosis
    • Can stimulate an antibody response
    • Protect from dehydration
    Serves to protect the bacteria from harsh
    Envelope Structures environmental conditions

    Cell Wall
    • Bacterial cell wall – murein sacculus
    • Composed of peptidoglycan - murein or mucopeptide
    • Multi-layered in gram-positive bacteria, single-layered in gram negative bacteria
    • Provides rigid support and gives shape to the bacteria
    • Protects the bacteria from osmotic damage and plays an important role in cell division
    Gram-Positive Cell Walls (Special Components)
    1. Teichoic acids
    • Compromise the major
    surface
    • Can elicit antibody
    response
    • Function for the
    attachment of the organism
    to the cell host
    • Provide tensile strength
    Gram-Positive Cell Walls (Special Components)

    2. Polysaccharides
    • neutral sugars
    (mannose, arabinose,
    rhamnose, and
    glucosamine
    • Acidic sugars
    (glucuronic acid and
    mannuronic acid)
    Gram-Negative Cell Walls (Special Components)

    1. Outer Membrane
    • Bi-layered structure, inner leaflet is
    composed of lipopolysaccharide
    (LPS).
    • Complex glycolipid of LPS- lipid
    A-responsible for endotoxin
    activity and located in the outer
    leaflet.
    • Inner core is a polysaccharide made
    up of O antigen, unique for every
    species of bacteria.
    • Provide tensile strength.
    Gram-Negative Cell Walls (Special Components)

    2. Lipoprotein
    • Anchors the outer membrane to
    the peptidoglycan layer
    • Stabilizes the outer membrane
    Gram-Negative Cell Walls (Special Components)

    3. Periplasmic space
    • A fluid space between the outer
    membrane and inner plasma
    membrane
    • Contain enzymes that
    breakdown large non-
    transportable molecules into
    transportable ones
    • Contain enzymes that serve to
    detoxify and inactivate
    antibiotics
    Acid Fast Cell Wall
    • Composed of large amount of
    waxes - mycolic acids
    • Possess a lipid-rich outer layer,
    makes the cell wall hydrophobic –
    reason why they cannot be stained
    by reagents used in gram staining
    • Its hydrophobic nature protects
    them from harsh chemicals (strong
    acids and detergents)
    • Inner layer is made up of
    peptidoglycan
    Projecting Structures

    Flagella
    • Thread-like structures, made up of flagellin
    • Project from the capsule and are organs for
    motility
    • Four types of Flagella:
    • Monotrichous (single polar flagellum)
    • Lophotrichous (a tuft of flagella at one end
    of the bacterium)
    • Amphitrichous (flagella at both end of the
    bacterium)
    • Peritrichous (flagella all around the
    bacterium)
    • Atrichous – Bacteria without flagella
    Projecting Structures

    Pili or Fimbriae
    • rigid surface appendages, fine and short
    compared with flagella
    • Mostly found in gram (-) bacteria
    • Pilins – structural protein subunits
    • Functions:
    (a.) adherence to cell surface (common pili)
    (b.) attachment to another bacterium during
    form of bacterial gene exchange called
    conjugation (sex pili)
    (c.) Motility
    Projecting Structures

    Axial Filaments (endoflagella)


    • Found in sphirochetes (e.g., Treponema
    pallidum causing syphillis)
    • Composed of bundles of fibrils
    • Similar structure to flagella
    • Arise from the ends of the bacterial cell and
    spiral around the cell
    • Helps propel the spirochetes forward
    Cytoplasmic Membrane
    • Known as cell membrane or plasma
    membrane
    • Located beneath the cell wall
    • Encloses the cytoplasm of the cell,
    sometimes called cell sac
    • A selectively permeable membrane allows
    the transport of selected solutes.
    • Site of the electron transport and ATP
    production in Aerobic organisms.
    • Serves the function of mitochondria (lacking
    in prokaryotic cell)
    • Contains enzymes necessary in biosynthesis
    of DNA, cell wall components, and
    membrane lipids.
    Internal Structures

    Nucleoid
    • Bacteria have no true nucleus, and possess a
    single, circular, double stranded DNA
    • This is where the genetic material, packaged.
    Internal Structures

    Mesosomes
    • Functions for cell division
    • Also involved in the secretion of substances
    produce by bacteria.
    Internal Structures

    Ribosomes
    • Functions for protein synthesis
    • Bacterial ribosomes are smaller (70S),
    unlike eukaryotic ribosomes.
    Internal Structures

    Granules or Inclusion Bodies


    • Found in certain bacteria
    • Serve for storage of food and
    energy (e.g., Metachromatic
    granules of Corynebacterium
    diphtheriae)
    Internal Structures

    Endospores
    • Structures produced by many bacteria when
    placed in a hostile environment
    • Very difficult to destroy, composed of dipicolinic
    acid, that confers resistance to heat, drying,
    chemical agents and radiation
    • Sporulation (process of spore production) occurs
    when the environmental conditions are
    detrimental to the bacteria.
    • Germination – process where the endospores
    revert to their vegetative state in favorable
    environmental conditions.
    • Some grams (+) but never gram (-) bacteria form
    spores

    You might also like