THE STATES

MATTER
Learning Objectives
1. Properties of the three states
of matter

2. The Kinetic Particle Theory

3. Explain the change in states

using the Kinetic Theory and
the energy involved
Properties of the Three States of Matter
All matter has mass and occupies space

Solids Liquids Gases

Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape. No fixed shape.

Takes the shape Takes the shape
of its container of its container.

Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed

volume. Takes
the volume of
its container

Compressible? Incompressible Incompressible Very

compressible
The Kinetic Theory
Why did the three states of matter appear
this way?
The Kinetic Theory suggests that all matter is
made up of extremely small particles that
are in constant motion.
These particles can be atoms, molecules or
ions.
The kinetic theory of matter states:

 All matter is made up of tiny, microscopic moving

particles. And each matter has a different type of
particles with different size and mass.

 Particles are in continuous movement. All particles

are moving all the time in random directions
(Brownian motion).

 The speed of movement depends on the mass of

the particle, temperature and several other factors
that you will know later on.
 Solid Liquid Gas

Diagram

Arrangement of Packed closely Packed closely Far apart in a

particles in an orderly in a disorderly disorderly
arrangement arrangement arrangement

Forces of Very strong Strong forces of Weak forces of

attraction forces of attraction attraction
between attraction
particles
Movement of Particles vibrate Particles can Particles are in
particles and rotate move and random motion
about fixed exchange
positions positions within
the liquid
Changes in States

1. Melting and Freezing

2. Boiling and Condensation
3. Evaporation
4. Sublimation
Changes in States
Changes in state are due to the particles
absorbing or losing energy.

As a substance gets heated, it absorbs energy

and when it cools it loses energy.

Gas
Boiling Condensation
Energy
of the Liquid
particles Melting Freezing

Solid
Melting

Melting takes place when the particles in

a solid absorb enough energy to
overcome the forces of attraction holding
them in fixed positions and rearrange
themselves to form a liquid.

Gains energy
Melting
Temperature
(oC) D
Melting
point of
B C
substance

Time from start (min)

AB : Substance is in solid state. Particles absorbed heat energy and
their vibration increases.
BC : Melting occurs. Substance becomes a mixture of solid and liquid.
Heat energy absorbed by particles is used to overcome forces of
attraction between the particles.
CD : Substance is in liquid state. Heat energy absorbed by particles
and their kinetic energy increases. Temperature increases.
Freezing

Freezing takes place when the liquid

particles loses energy to rearrange
themselves to form back the solid
structure.

Loses energy
 Freezing point and
Freezing melting point the
Temperature same temperature for
(oC)
A
the same substance?
Freezing
point of B C
substance
D

Time from start (min)

Particles lose kinetic energy due to cooling.

Substance becomes a mixture of liquid and solid. Liquid particles

rearrange themselves to form a solid structure upon further cooling.

Particles loses energy upon cooling and their vibration decreases.

Temperature drops.
Boiling

Boiling takes place when the liquid

particles gains enough energy to
overcome the forces holding them
together and move apart to form a gas.

Gains energy
Boiling
Temperature
(oC)

Boiling D
point of
substance B C
A

Time from start (min)

Particles gain kinetic energy due to heating.

Substance becomes a mixture of liquid and gas. Liquid particles gain

energy to overcome the forces holding them together and move
apart to form a gas.
Particles gain energy upon further heating and move further apart.
Temperature increases.
Condensation

Condensation takes place when the gas

particles loses energy and move close
together to reform the liquid structure.

Loses energy
 Boiling point and
Condensation condensation point the
Temperature same temperature for
(oC)
A
the same substance?
Condensation
point of B C
substance
D

Time from start (min)

Particles loses kinetic energy due to cooling and move closer

together.
Substance becomes a mixture of gas and liquid. Gas particles loses
energy and move close together to reform the liquid structure.
Particles loses kinetic energy upon cooling. Temperature drops.
Heating and Cooling Curves
Temperature
(oC) gas
Boiling
Heating
liquid Curve
Melting

solid

Temperature Time from start (min)

(oC)
gas

Cooling
Condensation
liquid
Curve

Freezing solid

Time from start (min)

Evaporation

Evaporation is a physical process that

changes a liquid into a gas.

Boiling Evaporation
Occurs at boiling point Occurs at any
temperature below
boiling point
Occurs throughout the Occurs only at the
liquid surface of the liquid
Bubbles observed No bubbles observed
Occurs rapidly Occurs slowly
Sublimation

Sublimation takes place when a solid

changes into a gas directly, without
going through the liquid state.

Examples:
•Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice)
•iodine crystals
•moth balls
Summary
Solid particles vibrate about a fixed position
Liquid particles move about within the liquid
Gas particles move energetically and apart from each
other

HEATING CURVE
Melting Boiling
Solid particles vibrate fasterLiquid particles gain kinetic
energy
Gain enough energy to Gain enough energy to
overcome forces of attraction overcome forces of attraction
between particles between particles
Rearrange to become liquid Move apart to become gas
 COOLING CURVE
Condensation Freezing
Gas particles loses kinetic Liquid particles loses kinetic
energy energy
Move close together Rearrange to form solid
structure
Reform liquid structure
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Single State Multiple States (Change in
State)
solid, liquid or gas solid – liquid, liquid - gas
Increase or decrease in Temperature remain the
temperature with time same with time
Curve or straight line Horizontal line
Gas pressure
For gases, the kinetic theory model explains that gas pressure is caused by the
collisions between the particles and their container. This is called the outward pressure
and is usually greater than normal atmospheric pressure outside the container.

Examples of this can be found in balloons and car tyres. Atmospheric pressure is
measured as one bar (or one atmosphere). Maintaining the correct pressure in car tyres
is important. Typically this is two to three bar.

When the temperature is increased, the gas particles move faster and the collisions
become harder and more frequent. This means that the pressure also increases.

When the temperature is decreased, the gas particles move more slowly and the
collisions are less hard and less frequent. This means that the pressure also decreases.

The average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature of the gas.
The Brownian motion

•Brownian motion is the random collision of the particles

•It was discovered by Brownian who observed the movement of the pollen in
the water. What he discovered is a random movement of the pollen that
didn't obey any pattern.

•From this Einstein introduce that particle must be moving randomly and
collide with the pollen particles.

•Notice that the Brownian motion happened in both liquid and air, and is the
key to understand the kinetic theory
 BROWNIAN motion

Microscope view

microscope

Glass cover
Zig-zag paths of
smoke particles
Glass cell

lamp smoke
Diffusion:
Diffusion is the random movement of liquid or gas
particles to fill the available space and spread
evenly.

For instance, if you pass by a trash can, you can

smell the ugly scent of trash. This is because
molecules from the garbage diffused out of the can
to the air which you breathed in.
Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:
Temperature increases → rate of
diffusion increases (The more kinetic
energy the particles have, the faster they
move and diffuse)

Particle mass decreases → rate of

diffusion increases (The lighter the
substance (lower Mr or Ar) the faster it
diffuses