Matter - TN
Matter - TN
Matter - TN
MATTER
Learning Objectives
1. Properties of the three states
of matter
Diagram
Gas
Boiling Condensation
Energy
of the Liquid
particles Melting Freezing
Solid
Melting
Gains energy
Melting
Temperature
(oC) D
Melting
point of
B C
substance
Loses energy
Freezing point and
Freezing melting point the
Temperature same temperature for
(oC)
A
the same substance?
Freezing
point of B C
substance
D
Gains energy
Boiling
Temperature
(oC)
Boiling D
point of
substance B C
A
Loses energy
Boiling point and
Condensation condensation point the
Temperature same temperature for
(oC)
A
the same substance?
Condensation
point of B C
substance
D
solid
Cooling
Condensation
liquid
Curve
Freezing solid
Boiling Evaporation
Occurs at boiling point Occurs at any
temperature below
boiling point
Occurs throughout the Occurs only at the
liquid surface of the liquid
Bubbles observed No bubbles observed
Occurs rapidly Occurs slowly
Sublimation
Examples:
•Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice)
•iodine crystals
•moth balls
Summary
Solid particles vibrate about a fixed position
Liquid particles move about within the liquid
Gas particles move energetically and apart from each
other
HEATING CURVE
Melting Boiling
Solid particles vibrate fasterLiquid particles gain kinetic
energy
Gain enough energy to Gain enough energy to
overcome forces of attraction overcome forces of attraction
between particles between particles
Rearrange to become liquid Move apart to become gas
COOLING CURVE
Condensation Freezing
Gas particles loses kinetic Liquid particles loses kinetic
energy energy
Move close together Rearrange to form solid
structure
Reform liquid structure
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Single State Multiple States (Change in
State)
solid, liquid or gas solid – liquid, liquid - gas
Increase or decrease in Temperature remain the
temperature with time same with time
Curve or straight line Horizontal line
Gas pressure
For gases, the kinetic theory model explains that gas pressure is caused by the
collisions between the particles and their container. This is called the outward pressure
and is usually greater than normal atmospheric pressure outside the container.
Examples of this can be found in balloons and car tyres. Atmospheric pressure is
measured as one bar (or one atmosphere). Maintaining the correct pressure in car tyres
is important. Typically this is two to three bar.
When the temperature is increased, the gas particles move faster and the collisions
become harder and more frequent. This means that the pressure also increases.
When the temperature is decreased, the gas particles move more slowly and the
collisions are less hard and less frequent. This means that the pressure also decreases.
The average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature of the gas.
The Brownian motion
•It was discovered by Brownian who observed the movement of the pollen in
the water. What he discovered is a random movement of the pollen that
didn't obey any pattern.
•From this Einstein introduce that particle must be moving randomly and
collide with the pollen particles.
•Notice that the Brownian motion happened in both liquid and air, and is the
key to understand the kinetic theory
BROWNIAN motion
Microscope view
microscope
Glass cover
Zig-zag paths of
smoke particles
Glass cell
lamp smoke
Diffusion:
Diffusion is the random movement of liquid or gas
particles to fill the available space and spread
evenly.