CHAPTER 5 - Diffusions in Solids
CHAPTER 5 - Diffusions in Solids
CHAPTER 5 - Diffusions in Solids
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Sem/Session : 1/2022-2023
Week 5
Chapter 5
1
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this subject, students should be able to:
2
Learning Objectives
3
Chapter Outlines
1. Introduction
2. Diffusion mechanisms
3. Steady state diffusion
4. Non steady state diffusion
5. Factors that influence diffusion
6. Industrial Application
4
Diffusio
n
Diffusion of dye through water
1.0 Introduction
Outer
layer
Inner
layer
Why we need to study
•
diffusion???
Material are often heat treated to improve their
properties.
• The phenomena that occur during a heat treatment
always involve atomic diffusion.
Often predictable
• Heat temperature using the
mathematics of
treating: time diffusion and
diffusion constant
cooling rate
Atom
locations
Concentrations
Initially
12
Self-
•Self-diffusion: Diffusion
In an elemental solid,
atoms also migrate.
C
C
A D
A
D
B
B
13
Diffusion
• How does diffusion occur?
• Why is diffusion an important part of processing?
• How can the rate of diffusion be predicted for
some simple cases?
• How does diffusion depend on
structure and temperature?
14
2.0 Diffusion Mechanisms
• Diffusion is stepwise migration of atoms from lattice site to lattice
site.
• Atom in solid materials are in constant motion rapidly changing
positions.
• 2 conditions must be met for an atom to move:
.
17
3.0 Steady- State Diffusion
• Diffusion is a time- dependent process;
the quantity of an element that is
transported within another is a function
of time.
• It is necessary to know how fast
diffusion occurs ->rate of mass transfer
Diffusion Flux (J)
The concentration profile shows the concentration (C) vs the position within the
solid (x); the slope at a particular point is the concentration gradient.
dC
Flux proportional to concentration gradient =
dx
dC
C2 C2 J D dx
20
Example 1: Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC)
• Methylene chloride is a common ingredient of paint
removers. Besides being an irritant, it also may be
absorbed through skin. When using this paint
remover, protective gloves are worn.
• If butyl rubber gloves (0.04 cm thick) are used, what is
the diffusive flux of methylene chloride through a
glove?
• Data:
– diffusion coefficient for butyl rubber:
D = 110 x10-8 cm2/s
– surface concentrations: C1 Surface concentration at
= 0.44 g/cm3 the beginning process
= 0.04 cm g
-
1.16 x 10
(0.04 cm2s
5
(0.02 g/cmcm)
3
0.44 g/cm3 )
J (110 x 10 -8 cm2/s)
23
Example 2:
Solution:
4.0 Non- steady State Diffusion
• The concentration of diffusing species is a function of both time and
position C = C(x,t). More likely scenario than steady state.
This law states that the rate of compositional change is equal to the
diffusivity times the rate of change of the concentration gradient
Or can also use
this
equation
Diffusion of a gas into a solid. (a) Gas A diffuses into solid B at the surface where x
= 0. The gas maintains a concentration of A atoms, called Cs, on this surface.
(b) Concentration profiles of element A at various times along the solid in the x
direction. The solid contained a uniform concentration of element A, called Co
before diffusion started.
The error function, erf, is a mathematical function existing by agreed definition
and is used in some solutions of Fick’s second law. The error function can be
found in standard tables in the same way as sines and cosines. Table 5.1 is an
abbreviated table of the error function.
Difference between steady state and non- steady state diffusion
Steady state diffusion Non-steady state diffusion
1. Definition Steady state diffusion is a form of diffusion Unsteady state diffusion or non-steady
that takes place at a constant rate. state diffusion is a form of diffusion in
which the rate of diffusion is a function of
time.
2. Rate of diffusion The rate of diffusion is constant for steady The rate of diffusion is not constant for
state diffusion. unsteady state diffusion. It varies with
time.
3. Dependence on Steady state diffusion does not vary with Unsteady state diffusion is a function of
time. time (it changes with time).
time
4. Relationship to Steady state can be quantitatively Unsteady state diffusion can be
determined by Fick’s first law. quantitatively determined by Fick’s second
Fick’s Law laws.
or;
Example 3:
Solution:
Example 4:
Carburizing process
Carburizing is a heat treatment process in
which iron or steel absorbs carbon while the
metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-
bearing material, such as charcoal or
carbon monoxide, to make the metal harder.
Longer carburizing times and higher
temperatures typically increase the depth of
carbon diffusion.
When the iron or steel is cooled rapidly by
quenching, the higher carbon content on the
outer surface becomes hard due to the
transformation from austenite to martensite.
Austenite
microstructure
Martensite
microstructure
Solution:
5.0 Factors That Influence Diffusion
(a) The type of diffusing species (@ mechanism)
Self- diffusion
(Fe in Fe)
Inter-
diffusion (C
in Fe)
D value for C
inter- diffusion
is greater than
self- diffusion
(Fe in Fe)
(b)
Temperature
Temperature has a most profound influence on the coefficients &
diffusion rates
As the temperature is increased, the diffusion coefficient also
increases.
D2 (7.8 x 11
m 2 /s) 41,500 J/mol 1 1
573 K
10 exp 8.314 J/mol - K 623
K
37
(c) The type of crystal structure of the solvent lattice
The diffusivity of carbon in BCC iron is 10-12 m2/s at 500 oC, which is much
greater than 5 x 10-15 m2/s, the value for the diffusivity of carbon in FCC iron at
the same temperature.
The reason for this difference is that the BCC crystal structure has a lower
atomic packing factor of 0.68 as compared to that of the FCC crystal
structure, which is 0.74.
Also, the interatomic spaces between the iron atoms are wider in the BCC
crystal structure than in the FCC one, and so the carbon atoms can diffuse
between the iron atoms in the BCC structure more easily than in the FCC one.
(d) The type of crystal imperfection present
C atom
42
A modern computerised gas carburising furnace
C(x,t )
• Solution: CoCs o
1 erf x
2 Dt
? C 45
Solution
(1): C( x,t ) 1 erf
x
Co Cs
2 Dt
Co
– t = 49.5 h x = 4 x 10-3 m
– Cx = 0.35 wt Cs = 1.0 wt
% %
– Co = 0.20 wt
%
C(x,t ) o 0.35 0.20 x 1 erf (z)
1
CC C 1.0 0.20 erf
s o 2 Dt
erf(z) = 0.8125
46
Solution (2):
We must now determine from table the value of z for which the
error function is 0.8125. An interpolation is necessary as follows
z z 0.90
0.8125 0.7970
0.95 0.8209
erf(z) 0.7970
0.90
0.90 0.7970
z 0.8125 z 0.93
0.95 0.8209
x2
(4 x 103 m)2 1h
2.6 x 1011 m2/s
D
4z2t (4)(0.93)2(49.5 h) 3600 s
48
Solution (3): Qd
D Doexp RT
• To solve for the temperature
at which D has the calculated Q
T R(lnD
d
value, we use a rearranged o
form of Equation (6.9a); lnD)
from Table 6.2, for diffusion of C in FCC Fe
Do = 2.3 x 10-5 m2/s Qd = 148,000 J/mol
148,000 J/mol
T
(8.314 J/mol - K)(ln 2.3x105 m 2 /s ln 2.6x1011 m 2 /s)
T = 1300 K = 1027°C
49
(b) Sintering in
forming a solid mass of materialceramic
Sintering is the process of compacting and
by heat or
pressure without melting it to the point of
liquefaction.
Sintering happens naturally in mineral
deposits or as a manufacturing process
used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and
other materials.
The atoms in the materials diffuse across
the boundaries of the particles, fusing the Iron powder
particles together and creating one solid
piece.
silicon
2. Heat.
3. Result: Doped light regions: Si atoms
semiconductor
regions.
23
Inspirational Quotes for Today…
62