CBS3004

Artificial Intelligence

Dr.R.Balamurugan
Associate Professor

Department of Analytics,

School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE),

VIT Vellore,
[email protected]
SJT213 A23
 Objectives
 To impart artificial intelligence principles, techniques and its
history.

 To assess the applicability, strengths, and weaknesses of the

basic knowledge representation, problem solving, and
learning methods in solving engineering problems.

 To develop intelligent systems by assembling solutions to

concrete computational problems.
 Course Outcome
1. Evaluate Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods and describe their foundations.
2. Apply basic principles of AI in solutions that require problem solving,
inference, perception, knowledge representation and learning.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of reasoning and knowledge representation for
solving real world problems.
4. Analyze and illustrate how search algorithms and planning play vital role in
problem solving.
5. Discuss current scope and limitations of AI and societal implications.
6. Illustrate and implement the construction of basic AI models and expert
systems.
 Definition

• AI is a branch of computer science, aims on

building machines and software with
intelligence similar to humans so that they
can perform similar thinking, reasoning,
decision-making, problem solving and
natural language processing like human.

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 What is AI?
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is technology and a branch
of computer science that studies and develops
intelligent machines and software.
• “The study and design of intelligent agents”
• An intelligent agent is a system that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize its
chances of success.
• John McCarthy coined the term AI in 1956
• Defines it as "the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines".
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 Various Definitions of AI
• AI is the automation of activities that we associate with
human thinking, activities such as decision making,
problem solving, learning… …
-Bellman, 1978
• AI is concerned with designing intelligent computer
systems which exhibit the characteristics we associate
with intelligence in human behaviour
-Barr and Feignenbaum, 1981
• AI is the exciting new effort to make computers think… …
machines with minds, in the full and literal sense
- Haugeland, 1985

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 Various Definitions of AI Cont…
• AI is the study of mental faculties through the use
of computational models
-Charniak McDermott, 1985
• AI is the art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when performed
by people
-Kurzwell, 1990
• AI is the study of how to make computers do things
at which, at the moment, people are better
-Rich and Knight, 1991

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 Various Definitions of AI Cont…

• AI is the study of the combinations that make it

possible to perceive, reason and act
-Winston, 1992
• Computational intelligence is the study of the
design of intelligent agents
-Poole et al., 1998
• AI… is concerned with intelligent behavior in
artifacts
-Nilsson, 1998

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History of AI

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 The state of the art of AI
– Robotic vehicles
– Speech recognition
– Autonomous planning and scheduling
– Game playing
– Spam fighting
– Robotics
– Machine Translation

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Chinese scientists develop robot fish that gobble up micro plastics

https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/07/14/can-these-robot-fish-
developed-by-chinese-researchers-help-us-save-the-ocean
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 Major Branches of AI
– Perceptive system
• A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and
feels objects
– Vision system
• Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
– Robotics
• Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks
with high precision
– Expert system
• Stores knowledge and makes inferences

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 Major Branches of AI
– Learning system
• Computer changes how it functions or reacts to
situations based on feedback
– Natural language processing
• Computers understand and react to statements and
commands made in a “natural” language, such as
English
– Neural network
• Computer system that can act like or simulate the
functioning of the human brain

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 Views of AI
Views of AI fall into four categories:

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 Acting humanly: The Turing test

Test proposed by Alan Turing in 1950

Conversations between Interrogator, Computer and
Humans
The computer need to possess the following capabilities :
• Natural Language processing
• Knowledge Representation
• Automated Reasoning
• Machine Learning
• Computer vision
• Robotics

02/03/2023 Artificial Intelligence 25

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 AI Advantages
• Reduction in Human Error
• Takes risks instead of Humans
• Available 24x7
• Helping in Repetitive Jobs
• Digital Assistance
• Faster Decisions
• More powerful and more useful computers
• New and improved interfaces
• Solving new problems
• Better handling of information
• Relieves information overload
• Conversion of information into knowledge

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 Disadvantages
• High Cost of Implementation
• Can’t Replace Humans
• Doesn’t Improve With Experience
• Lacks Creativity
• Risk of Unemployment
• Difficulty with software development - slow and expensive
• Few experienced programmers
• Few practical products have reached the market as yet.
Chess-playing robot in Russia turns violent mid-match and breaks a 7-year-old
boy’s finger.

https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/rogue-robot-breaks-childs-finger-
during-chess-match-8049075/ 31
Representations/Languages Used
• First order logic • Some standard AI programming
• Higher order logic languages have been developed in
order to build intelligent programs
• Logic programs
efficiently and robustly. These
• Frames include:
• Production Rules • Prolog
• Semantic Networks • Lisp (LISt Processing)
• Fuzzy logic • ML (Metalanguage)
• Bayes nets • Other languages are also used
• Hidden Markov models extensively to build AI programs,
• Neural networks including:
• Strips • Perl
• C++
• Java
• C
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 Categorization of AI

• Narrow Intelligence
• General Intelligence
• Super Intelligence

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 Categorization of AI…contd
• Narrow (or) Weak artificial intelligence : It is an artificial intelligence that
is focused on one narrow task.

• Artificial general intelligence is also referred to as "strong AI" or "full AI". It

as the ability of a machine to perform "general intelligent action".

• A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far

surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds.

• "Superintelligence" may also refer to a property of problem-solving

systems (e.g., superintelligent language translators or engineering
assistants) whether or not these high-level intellectual competencies are
embodied in agents that act in the world.
• A superintelligence may or may not be created by an intelligence explosion
and associated with a technological singularity.
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Applications

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 AI applications
AI in Astronomy
• Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works,
origin, etc.
• To take on the challenges, astronomers are turning to machine learning and artificial
intelligence (AI) to build new tools to rapidly search for the next big breakthroughs.

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 AI applications
AI in Healthcare : In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming
more advantageous for the healthcare industry and going to have a
significant impact on this industry.
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and
can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can
reach to the patient before hospitalization.

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 AI applications cont…
AI in Gaming
• AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines
can play strategic games like chess, where the machine
needs to think of a large number of possible places.

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 AI in Finance

AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The
finance industry is implementing automation, Chatbot, adaptive
intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into
financial processes.

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 AI applications cont…
AI in Data Security
• The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks
are growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make
your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2
Platform are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a
better way.

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AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat
contain billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and
managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage
massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify
the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

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AI in Travel & Transport
AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is
capable of doing various travel related works such as from making
travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes
to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots
which can make human-like interaction with customers for better
and fast response.

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 AI applications cont…
AI in Automotive Industry
• Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their
user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an
intelligent virtual assistant.
• Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars
which can make your journey more safe and secure.
AI in Robotics:
• Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general
robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but
with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks
with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
• Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the
intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed
which can talk and behave like humans.
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 AI applications cont…
AI in Entertainment
• We are currently using some AI based applications in
our daily life with some entertainment services such
as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations
for programs or shows.

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 AI applications cont…
AI in Agriculture
• Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time
for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging
in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop
monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for
farmers.
AI in E-commerce
• AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is
becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers
to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.
AI in education
• AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI
Chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
• AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will
be accessible easily at any time and any place.
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 AI Applications
Other application areas:
• Bioinformatics:
– Gene expression data analysis
– Prediction of protein structure
• Text classification, document sorting:
– Web pages, e-mails
– Articles in the news
• Video, image classification
• Music composition, picture drawing
• Natural Language Processing

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 FIELDS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(AI)

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Areas of AI and Some Dependencies

Knowledge
Search Logic Representation

Machine
Planning
Learning

Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems
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 Generic Techniques Developed
• Forward/backward chaining (reasoning) • Explanation based (learning)
• Resolution theorem proving (reasoning) • Inductive logic programming (learning)
• Proof planning (reasoning) • Reinforcement (learning)
• Constraint satisfaction (reasoning) • Genetic algorithms (learning)
• Davis-Putnam method (reasoning) • Genetic programming (learning)
• Minimax search (games) • Strips (planning)
• Alpha-Beta pruning (games) • N-grams (NLP)
• Case-based reasoning (expert systems) • Parsing (NLP)
• Knowledge elicitation (expert systems) • Behaviour based (robotics)
• Neural networks (learning) • Cell decomposition (robotics)
• Bayesian methods (learning)

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