TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF

NIGERIA

GRID MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

BY
Engr. A. A. Alade
 OUTLINE

 Introduction
 Power Grid
 Grid Management Definition
 Grid Management Techniques
 Demand Side Management
 Smart Grid
 Outage Management
 System Congestion Management
 Grid Management Tools
 Grid Management Responsibilities
KEYWORDS IN THE COURSE TITLE

 Grid
 Management
 Technique
 POWER GRID

Electrical grid or power grid is defined as the network which

interconnects the generation, transmission and distribution units. It
supplies the electrical power from generating units in the power
stations through the Transmission network to the distribution
network and finally to the customers’ residences, industries and
offices where the electricity powers the customers appliances and
equipment.
 COMPONENTS OF POWER GRID

A Power Grid generally consists of

a) Generating stations that produce electric power
b) Substations for stepping electrical voltage up for
transmission, or down for distribution
c) High voltage transmission lines that convey power from
distant sources to demand-centers
d) Distribution lines that connect to load (individual customers).
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NATIONAL GRID
 7

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL GRID

• Regional Grid – Example in Nigeria: Lagos, Kaduna, PortHarcourt

• National Grid – Figure 2 depicts the Nigeria National Grid with

transmission and distribution lines spread over the geographical
landscape of the country.

• Transnational Grid – It is formed by interconnecting the different

national grids. Figure 3 is West Africa Power Pool (network)
which is an example of Transnational Grid.
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Figure 2: Nigeria National Power Grid

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FIGURE 3: A BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NIGERIA NATIONAL GRID

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FIGURE 4: WEST AFRICAN POWER POOL: AN
EXAMPLE OF TRANSNATIONAL POWER GRID
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ADVANTAGES OF A POWER GRID

a Resources Sharing
b Reliability
c Flexibility
d Economy: 
e Fast restoration of Power

2/4/23 Training of Pupil Engineers, October/November, 2020

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NIGERIA POWER STATIONS

 13

TRANSMISSION NETWORK
• consists of several 330 kV lines spread over the entire
country such as such as Kainji to Jebba, Jebba to Osogbo,
Jebba/Shiroro, Shiroro/Kaduna 330 kV lines, etc.; many 132
kV lines such as Osogbo to Ondo 132 kV line; several 330
/132 kV and 132 /33 kV substations and voltage control
equipment such as reactors and Static VAR compensators.
 14

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Comprises 33.0 kV, 11.0 kV and 0.415 kV lines;

33/11 kV injection substation and 11/0.415 kV
substations.
 15

GRID MANAGEMENT
• Grid management is the effective operation of generation,
transmission and distribution facilities so as to ensure adequate
security of supply at minimum cost.

• The above definition is in agreement with the System Operations

Mission Statement of exercising grid control to maintain an
efficient, coordinated and economic supply of electricity in
accordance with the grid code and operational procedures.
 16

GRID MANAGEMENT

• Grid management is a very wide topic as it includes all the

activities required by the System Operator to maintain the

safety, reliability, integrity and efficiency of the Grid.

 17

OBJECTIVE OF GRID MANAGEMENT

The main objective of Grid management is to deploy the Grid
resources such as generation, transmission and distribution
infrastructure to achieve the following:

a Stable and secure Grid

b Reliable and good quality power delivery to the
numerous customers
c Flexible System that adapts to new technologies and
System dynamism
d Efficient electricity delivery
 18

FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEM OPERATIONS

Since the System Operator is responsible for managing the Grid, some
of the essential functions of System Operations specified in the
Electricity Reform Act and the Grid Code will be discussed. These
functions include the following:
1. Determination of a-day-ahead load demand on the Grid through load
forecasting.
2. Deploying of adequate generation to meet the load demand and
operating reserves through generation schedule so as to maintain
power balance.
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FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEM OPERATIONS

3. Taking of appropriate steps to maintain the active power balance at all

times as imbalance is evident through the rate of frequency deviation

from the nominal value of 50.0Hz.

4. Taking of appropriate actions to maintain the reactive power balance

as the imbalance is evident through dynamic variation in voltage value.

5. Management of both generation and transmission outages.

6. Conduct of security analysis to manage system congestion.

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GRID MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

‘Techniques’ involve methods to and tools for accomplishing the

desired objectives. Some of the Grid management techniques
are:
 21

LOAD FORECAST
a) Use of historical data to determine the current load demand
trends and to predict the future demand trends. Note that daily
demand varies with season /month of the year, day of the week
and time of the day.
b) Application of load forecast software for offline load demand
projection.
c) Real time load forecasting using the Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA)’s Energy Management System
(EMS).
d) Load forecast can be short term (a day to few months); Medium
term (about 6 months to one year) and long term (5 years and
beyond).
 22

GENERATION SCHEDULING

Following the load forecast is determination of the

combination of generating units that will supply the forecast
power demand and the value of generation in MW (plus
losses) expected from each station.
 23

GENERATION SCHEDULING BEFORE PRIVATIZATION

a As hydro generation was the cheapest, all available hydro

units in Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro would be scheduled first.

b Gas turbine units at Delta and Afam Power stations

would be scheduled next

C Sapele and Egbin steam turbine generating units

would follow.
 24

EXAMPLES OF GENERATION SCHEDULING

Hypothetical Case 1
Power Demand Forecast plus Losses = 600 MW

Table 1: Available Generation and Capability    

Available Generation Capability (MW)  

HP1 (2 Generating Units, 80 MW each) 160  
HP2 (2 Generating Units, 80 MW each)
160  
GP1 (5 Generating Units, 20 MW each) 100  
GP2 (5 Generating Units, 20 MW each)
100  
SP1 (2 Generating Units, 60 MW each) 120  
SP2 (2 Generating Units, 60 MW each) 120  
Total 760  
 25

EXAMPLES OF GENERATION SCHEDULING

HP1 and HP2 are hydro power stations.
GP1 and GP2 are Gas fired power stations.
SP1 and SP2 are Steam fired power stations.
If there is no water constraint for hydro generating units and
the decision is mainly economic, in Merit Order
1.All hydro units must run
2.This will be followed by all gas turbine units
Then steam turbine units.

2/4/23 Training of Pupil Engineers, October/November, 2020

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EXAMPLES OF GENERATION SCHEDULING

Table 2: Generation schedule for Power Demand of 600 MW

GENERATION
POWER STATION SCHEDULE RESERVE (MW)
(MW)
HP1 (2 Generating Units) 130 30
HP2 (2 Generating Units)
30
130
GP1 (5 Generating Units)
10
90
GP2 (5 Generating Units)
10
90
SP1 (2 Generating Units)
10
110
SP2 (1 Generating Unit) 50 10
 27

EXAMPLES OF GENERATION SCHEDULING

Note:

a The Reserve is 100 MW which is greater than the

expected minimum value of 80 MW.

b Only one of the two generating units in SP2 is scheduled

thereby saving cost.
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EXAMPLES OF GENERATION SCHEDULING

Hypothetical Case 2
Power Demand plus losses = 500 MW and minimum Reserve is 80 MW. Generation Schedule
may be as in Table 3.
Generation
Power Station Schedule Reserve (MW)
(MW)
HP1 (2 Generating Units)
30
130
HP2 (2 Generating Units)
30
130
GP1 (5 Generating Units)
10
90
GP2 (5 Generating Units)
5
95
SP1 (1 Generating Unit)
5
55
SP2 (0 Generating Unit)schedule for Power Demand of 500 MW
Table 3: Generation
0
 29

EXAMPLES OF GENERATION SCHEDULING

Note that no unit is scheduled in SP2 power station

as the power demand can be supplied by HP1, HP2,
GP1, GP2 and SP1.
 30

EXAMPLES OF GENERATION SCHEDULING

Hypothetical Case 3

Power Demand plus losses = 800 MW and minimum Reserve is 80

MW.
Total required generation is 880 MW.
Total available generation is 760 MW.
This is 120 MW generation deficit.
How do we schedule the generation?

All the units must run and the Generation Schedule may be as in
Table 4.
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EXAMPLES OF GENERATION SCHEDULING

Generation
Power Station Schedule Reserve (MW)
(MW)
HP1 (2 Generating Units)
30
130
HP2 (2 Generating Units)
30
130
GP1 (5 Generating Units)
5
95
GP2 (5 Generating Units)
5
95
SP1 (2 Generating Units)
5
115
SP2Table
(2 Generating Units)
4: Generation schedule for Power Demand of5880 MW
115
 32

EXAMPLES OF GENERATION SCHEDULING

Note that all the generating units are run. The Generation Schedule is
680 MW. with Reserve of 80 MW. and generation deficit is 120 MW.
Since there is no generation to supply the 120 MW deficit, the only
option is to temporarily deny some of the customers power supply.
This is called load shedding and it is the international Utility Practice
under this situation so as to maintain the Grid stability. Note that
Merit Order is ignored as all available generating units must run.
Merit Order scheduling has been suspended in Nigeria Electricity
Supply Industry for more than two decades due to generation
shortage.
 33
GENERATION SCHEDULING IN A
PRIVATISED GRID
System Operator (SO) groups all the power companies on the Grid into
about 6 in order of merit as follows:

Group 1: Hydro Units which have the minimum cost, free governor
control action and ancillary services capability.

Group 2: Hydro Units plus Generating units from Agip Okpai, Azura,
Odukpani, Olorunsogo and Omotoso power companies.

Group 2B: All other generating units that run on free governor control.
 34
GENERATION SCHEDULING IN A
PRIVATISED GRID
Group 3: All units that can provide regulatory reserves.

Group 4: All other units capable of providing Spinning Reserves as an

ancillary service.

Group 5: Plants that are dispatched subject to transmission

constraints.

Group 6: All plants that provide ancillary services for voltage control.
 35
 
ACTIVE POWER BALANCE AND FREQUENCY REGULATION

The relationship between the power generated and the power

demand is summarised by the three equations below:
∑ PG = ∑ PD + losses ⇒ frequency = fi (1)
∑ PG > ∑ PD + losses ⇒ frequency > fi (2)
∑ PG < ∑ PD + Losses ⇒ frequency < fi (3)

At steady state system frequency fi is 50.0Hz in Nigeria and most

countries of Africa.
It is 60Hz in some countries, example is the United State of America.
 36
 
ACTIVE POWER BALANCE AND FREQUENCY REGULATION

Equation one represents a state of equilibrium when the total

power generated is equal to the total power demand plus
losses and the frequency at that instance is fi, say 50.0Hz. In
this case there is power balance.
 37
 
ACTIVE POWER BALANCE AND FREQUENCY REGULATION

In equation 2, total power being generated is greater than power

demand plus losses and the grid frequency increases
proportionally. Possible reasons for this situation include:
a Loss of load due to the tripping of distribution or transmission
feeder (s).
b Loss of load due to the tripping of the transformer supplying
power to the load.
c Loss of load due to faults on the load.
d Intentional shutdown of appliances and equipment by
customers.
 38
 
ACTIVE POWER BALANCE AND FREQUENCY REGULATION

In equation 3, the total power generated is lower than the total

power demand. This indicates lack of adequate generation to meet
the load demand resulting in grid frequency drop below fi. The
power balance state can be returned to through action (s) on both
sides of the equation. When the action is from the load side it is
called Load Management (LM).
 39
 
ACTIVE POWER BALANCE AND FREQUENCY REGULATION

Figure 6: A Conceptual Representation of Active and Reactive Power Balance

 40

REACTIVE POWER BALANCE AND VOLTAGE CONTROL

Relationship between System voltage, reactive power supplied

(generated) or reactive power demand on a transmission bus is
summarized by the three equations below:
∑ QS = ∑ QD ⇒ Bus Voltage = Vi (1)
∑ QS > ∑ QD ⇒ Bus Voltage > Vi (2)
∑ QS < ∑ QD ⇒ Bus Voltage < Vi (3)
Vi = Initial voltage
QS = Reactive Power supply on the bus
QD = Reactive Power demand on the bus
 41

REACTIVE POWER SOURCES (SUPPLIERS)

The following network components are usually sources of
reactive power supply on a bus:

a Generating stations (MVar)

b Lightly loaded overhead Lines
c Capacitive compensators
d Cable circuits
e Static VAR compensators
 42

LOAD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Daily Power Demand Curve
Figure 7 is a typical day power demand curve. There are three
segments:

a Off Peak period: 00:00 Hrs to 05:00 Hrs and 08:00 Hrs
to 18:00 Hrs
b Morning Peak period: 05:00 Hrs to 08:00 Hrs
c Evening Peak period: 18:00 Hrs to 24:00 Hrs
 43

LOAD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Figure 7: A typical Nigeria Daily Power Demand Pattern – 00:00 Hrs to 24:00 Hrs
 44

LOAD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

 45

LOAD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

MONTHLY PEAK
3600

3500

3400

3300
MW

3200

3100

3000

2900
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC.
MONTH

MONTHLY PEAK
 46

LOAD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Some of the load management techniques are:
a Manual load shedding
b Load shedding by underfrequency relays operation
c Load Allocation
d Load Management through customers incentives
(Demand Side Management)
e Application of Smart technologies on the Grid
 47

LOAD SHEDDING BY UNDERFREQUENCY RELAYS OPERATION

Five under-frequency Load Shedding steps are recommended in the

Grid Code as follows: 

(a) 10 % of the maximum Demand at 49.2 Hz with a 0.3 second delay;

(b) 10 % of the maximum Demand at 49.0 Hz with a 0.3 second delay;
(c) 10 % of the maximum Demand at 48.8 Hz with a 2 second delay;
(d) 10 % of the maximum Demand at 48.5 Hz with a 2 second delay;
and
(e) 10 % of the maximum Demand at 48.2 Hz with a 2 second delay.

This is just a guide as the System Operator is at liberty to develop

suitable stages of under-frequency relay operation.
 48

LOAD ALLOCATION
Load Allocation may involve the following steps:
i Determine the total available generation for the day
under consideration.
ii Deduct Operating Reserve value which is usually the
capability of the biggest generating unit on the Grid.
iii Deduct value of dedicated load (e,g. International
load).
iv Use the approved percentage for each of the 11
Distribution Companies to determine each’s Load
Allocation.
v Convey the allocation to every stakeholder concerned.
 49

LOAD ALLOCATION

Typical Load Allocation Table

 50

LOAD ALLOCATION

Typical Load Allocation Table

 51

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

The objective of Demand Side Management is to motivate the
electricity customers to use less energy during peak hours, or to
move the time of energy use to off-peak times such as night time
and weekends. Peak demand management may not necessarily
decrease total energy consumption, but it would guarantee
customers satisfaction while still sourcing for funds for
networks expansion and increase in generation capacity.
 52

BENEFITS OF DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

At Customer End:
i DSM encourages the installation and use of end user
technologies that will use less energy, thereby reducing
the customers overall electricity bill.
ii Energy efficient technologies have higher efficiencies
thus they tend to last longer and hereby reducing the
operation and maintenance cost.
iii DSM programs encourage the use of high efficiency
heating, cooling and ventilation equipment HVAC.
iv DSM programs helps in energy saving.
 53

BENEFITS OF DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

At Utility End:
i DSM helps in reducing peak power purchases on the
wholesale market, thereby lowering the overall cost of
operations.
ii DSM can reduce energy cost for utilities in a short term.
iii In the long term, DSM programs help to limit the need for
utilities to build new power plants, transmission and
distribution lines.
 54

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Four of the DSM techniques widely applied are:

i. Valley Filling (increased demand at off-

peak)
The technique consists of building off- peak
loads.
That is, load is increased during the off-peak
hours (Figure 10).
This may be particularly desirable where
the long-run incremental
Valley Filled Chart
cost is less than the average price of
electricity.
 55

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

ii. Peak Clipping (reduction in peak

demand)
Peak clipping technologies are
those which cause a reduction of
peak load through utilities direct
control (use of automated controls or
communications) on equipment
Peak Clipping Chart
used by the customer or through
tariff clauses where by customer
curtails his load at certain hours of the
day.
 56

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

iii. Load Shifting (demand shifting to non-

peak)
It involves shifting of peak loads to
off-peak hours. Popular applications
include use of storage water heating,
Load Shifting
storage space heating, and coolness
storage.
 57

ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGIES

 

Energy efficient technologies are those which reduce overall

energy needs while maintaining or improving the quality of
energy services. Energy efficient technologies are high
efficiency appliances or devices. Energy saving bulbs in offices
and residences are also examples.
 58

GRID ENERGY STORAGE

Six categories of Energy Storage Technologies have been identified
as below:
i Solid State Batteries: a range of electromechanical
storage solutions, including advanced chemistry batteries
and capacitors.
ii Flow Batteries: batteries where the energy is stored
directly in the electrolyte solution for longer cycle life and
quick response times.
iii Flywheels: mechanical devices that harness rotational
energy to deliver instantaneous electricity.
 59

GRID ENERGY STORAGE

 iv Compressed Air Energy Storage: utilizing compressed air

to create a potent energy reserve.
v Thermal: capturing heat and cold to create energy on
demand
vi Pumped Hydro-Power (pumped storage): creating large-
scale reservoirs of energy with water. The grid-tied energy
storage technology with the largest capacity is simply to pump
water to a higher elevation, storing it as potential energy.  
 60
APPLICATION OF SMART TECHNOLOGIES
ON THE GRID
The digital technology that allows for two-way communication
between the utility and its customers, and the sensing along the
transmission lines is what makes the grid smart. Like the Internet,
the Smart Grid consists of controls, computers, automation, and
new technologies and equipment working together, with the
electrical grid to respond digitally to the changing electric demand.
 61
APPLICATION OF SMART TECHNOLOGIES
ON THE GRID
The benefits associated with the Smart Grid include:
i More efficient transmission of electricity
ii Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances
iii Reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and
ultimately lower power costs for consumers
iv Reduced peak demand, which will also help lower electricity
rates
v Increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems
vi Better integration of customer-owner power generation
systems, including renewable energy systems
vii Improved security
 62

OUTAGE MANAGEMENT
In the Grid Code, “Outage” is defined as the removal of
Equipment from service, unavailability for connection of
Equipment, restriction of use for any reason including, but not
limited to, to permit the performance of inspections, tests or
repairs on Equipment, and shall include a Planned Outage and
Unplanned Outage (Forced Outage).
Outage management or coordination is necessary in order to
maintain a robust, efficient and stable grid.
 63
GRID CODE PROCEDURE FOR OUTAGE
MANAGEMENT
 a The System Operator and Users and TSP shall establish
schedules for inspection and preventive maintenance of their
Generation, Distribution, Transmission, protection, control,
communication and other Auxiliary Equipment. These
maintenance and inspection schedules shall be coordinated to
ensure an Equipment Outage pattern that shall not violate Power
System Reliability and minimise customer disturbance.
b The System Operator shall coordinate all Outage plans for
the Users and TSP, on annually. These plans shall be ready by
October of every year.
 64
GRID CODE PROCEDURE FOR OUTAGE
MANAGEMENT

c The System Operator shall then be responsible for performing

pertinent Reliability studies to ensure the secure operation of the
Power System during the Outages as have been agreed in the annual
Outage plans.
d Scheduled Generation and Transmission Outages that may
affect the Reliability of Power System operations shall be planned
and coordinated (notification of cancellation at least 24 hours in
advance) amongst the affected parties. Special attention shall be
given to the results of pertinent studies.
 65
GRID CODE PROCEDURE FOR OUTAGE
MANAGEMENT

e The Planned Outage shall be advised at least 2 weeks in

advance and confirmed in writing. The System Operator shall
advise all Users and TSP of the return of any of the Equipment.

f The System Operator shall present the coordinated Outage

plans as well as the results of the Reliability studies in report
format to the Commission for approval.
 66

SYSTEM CONGESTION MANAGEMENT

Transmission congestion is a phenomenon that occurs in

electric power markets. It happens when scheduled market
transactions (generation and load) result in power flow over a
transmission element that exceeds the available capacity for
that element.
 67

SYSTEM CONGESTION MANAGEMENT

The Grid Code lists the actions to be taken by the System Operator to
manage congestion. They are:

a System Operator shall install and commission such real time

equipment and software as to calculate Transmission Constraints and
Reliability margins per Dispatch Period.

System Operator shall change the Dispatch Schedule of the Generating

Units in order to eliminate Transmission System congestion and to
ensure the security and Reliability of System operation.
 68

SYSTEM CONGESTION MANAGEMENT

b System Operator shall limit the production of Power Park
Modules if it was not possible to eliminate congestion by
changing the Dispatch of the (Dispatchable) Generating
Units.
c System Operator shall reduce the Load in the importing
region contributing to the congestion if it was not possible to
eliminate congestion by changing the Dispatch of the
Generating Units, or by limiting the production of Power Park
Modules.
System Operator shall further instruct all Users to take
specific action in order to avoid more major disturbances in
emergency situations.
 69

GRID MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Some of the essential tools used for Grid Management are:

a Frequency Meter
b Voltage Meter
c Real Time SCADA/Energy Management System (EMS) Software
d Online/Off line Power System Studies software
e Electricity Market Real Time management
 70

GRID MANAGEMENT TOOLS

f Voice/Data Telecommunication facilities

g Tape Recorder
h Ancillary equipment
j Fault Locator
k PQube (A power analysis software/Hardware applied
for measuring power system parameters such as: active
power, `reactive power, frequency etc.
 71

GRID MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

• The System Operator is responsible for managing the
Grid in order to maintain the safety, reliability, integrity
and efficiency of the Grid.

• The System Operator achieves its role through a structure

with Corporate Headquarters at Abuja (Figure 13).
 72

SYSTEM OPERATIONS STRUCTURE

 73

THANK YOU
 74