Active Electronically Scanned Array
Active Electronically Scanned Array
Active Electronically Scanned Array
Outline
What is RADAR? Radar Scanning? Phased Array Radars Progress Future Tasks
Outline
WHAT IS RADAR?
RADAR SCANNING? PHASED ARRAY RADARS PROGRESS FUTURE TASKS
What is RADAR?
RADAR an acronym for:
Target Range,
R=c t / 2
SRE: Surveillance Radar ASR: Airport surveillance Radar PAR: Phased array radar SMR: Surface movement Radar
Air Navigation
Weather radar Terrain avoidance and terrain following Radar altimeter
Types [5]
Basic Types
Monostatic - transmitter and receiver use same antenna Pulse Transmission Bistatic - transmitter and receiver antennas are separated, sometimes by large distances Continuous wave Transmission
Outline
WHAT IS RADAR?
RADAR SCANNING?
PHASED ARRAY RADARS PROGRESS FUTURE TASKS
Types:
Surface based scanning Air borne scanning
Transmission Line
Coaxial line or Wave guides Special rotary joints required to support scanning rotation
Outline
WHAT IS RADAR? RADAR SCANNING?
= phase shift between two successive elements d = distance between the radiating elements (half the wavelength) s = beam steering
Example [6]
A radar set works with a wavelength of =3 cm. The distance between the radiating elements is 1.5 cm. The beam steering is
s= 40.
=(360*1.5 cm/3 cm)*sin(40) = 115.70. Phase shift value 8 = 7 115.70 = 809.91. 8 = 89.91.
System Components
Amplification, Phase shifting and Attenuators
environment
Signal processing in the Digital domain Phase and Amplitude control
Advantages [8]
Digital beam formers can accomplish
Minimization of side-lobe levels Interference canceling Multiple beam operation
Control System
Programmable device
Outline
WHAT IS RADAR? RADAR SCANNING? PHASED ARRAY RADARS
PROGRESS
FUTURE TASKS
Phase shifting
Manually for proof of concept
1.Results (0,0,0,0)
0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
THETA
1.0,0,0,30
m1 THETA=-3.000 B(Ecross)=-1.135 m1 Max
0 -10 . [ B] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20
THETA
20
40
60
80
100
1.0,0,0,45
m1 THETA=-4.000 B(Ecross)=-1.120 m1 Max
0 -10 Mag. [ B] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20
THETA
20
40
60
80
100
1.0,0,0,90
m1 E A=-7. dB(Ecro =-1.101 1ax
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 ] ag. [
E A
20
40
60
80
100
1.0,0,0,120
m1 E A=-10. dB(Ecro =-1. 77 m1 Max
0 -10 ag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40
-20
E A
20
40
60
80
100
1.0,30,60,90
m1 THETA=-8.000 dB(Ecross)=-1.126 m1 Max
0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40
-20
THETA
20
40
60
80
100
1.0,30,90,150
m1 THETA=-14.000 dB(Ecross)=-1.091 m1 Max
0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40
-20
THETA
20
40
60
80
100
1.0,45,90,135
m1 THETA=-13.000 dB(Ecross)=-1.106 m1 Max
0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40
-20
THETA
20
40
60
80
100
1.0,60,120,180
m1 T T -17.000 d ( cross) -1.075 m1 Max
0 -10 Mag. [d ] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40
-20 T
0 T
20
40
60
80
100
1.0,90,180,270
m1 THETA=-26.000 dB(Ecross)=-0.989 m1 Max
0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40
-20
THETA
20
40
60
80
100
2.Transmitter model
ENVELOPE
Envelope Env1 Freq[1]=100 MHz Freq[2]=1.0 GHz Freq[3]=10 GHz Order[1]=3 Order[2]=3 Order[3]=3 Stop=100 nsec Step=10 nsec 4 BPF_Chebyshev BPF4 Fcenter=10 GHz BWpass=50 MHz Ripple=0.1 dB BWstop=8 GHz Astop=30 dB antenna_gain Amplifier2 X1 AMP1 S21=dbpolar(20,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0 Term Term2 Num=2 Z=50 Ohm
HPA Gain 5 dB
Transmit Antenna
```` 1 P_1Tone Source Num=1 Z=50 Ohm P=polar(dbmtow(0),0) Freq=100 MHz 3 MixerWithLO MIX5 ZRef=50 Ohm DesiredIF=RF plus LO ConvGain=dbpolar(18,0)
3 MixerWithLO MIX6 ZRef=50 Ohm DesiredIF=RF plus LO ConvGain=dbpolar(18,0) BPF_Chebyshev BPF5 Fcenter=10 GHz BWpass=50 MHz Ripple=0.1 dB BWstop=8 GHz Astop=30 dB antenna_gain Amplifier2 X2 AMP2 S21=dbpolar(20,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0
3 MixerWithLO MIX7 ZRef=50 Ohm DesiredIF=RF plus LO ConvGain=dbpolar(18,0) BPF_Chebyshev BPF6 Fcenter=10 GHz BWpass=50 MHz Ripple=0.1 dB BWstop=8 GHz Astop=30 dB antenna_gain Amplifier2 X3 AMP3 S21=dbpolar(20,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0
3 MixerWithLO MIX8 ZRef=50 Ohm DesiredIF=RF plus LO ConvGain=dbpolar(18,0) BPF_Chebyshev BPF7 Fcenter=10 GHz BWpass=50 MHz Ripple=0.1 dB BWstop=8 GHz Astop=30 dB antenna_gain Amplifier2 X4 AMP4 S21=dbpolar(20,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0
2.Baseband spectrum
2 m2 fr =100.0MH B(v r("1"))=-9.914 time=100.0000nsec
0 -10 -20
B(v r("1"))
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
fr
GH
m3
dB( ar("4"))
10
11
12
13
14
15
fr
Hz
2.Receiver Model
HA MONI
Har onic alance H 1 Freq[1]=1.0 Hz rder[1]=6 PF_ utterworth PF1 Fcenter=1 Hz Wpass=25 MHz Apass=3.0103 d Wstop=3 Hz Astop=20 d PF_ utterworth PF2 Fcenter=1 Hz Wpass=25 MHz Apass=3.0103 d Wstop=3 Hz Astop=20 d
ALAN E
Vfc
Var Eqn
f t
Vt
Vt Vt1 Vt1=vt(vout,0,0,10nsec,201)
VA VA 1 A p_gain=30 arget_location=-1
Vout1
Vout2
LNA stage
antenna_gain antenna4
Vout4
antenna_gain antenna3
er er 4 Nu =4 =50 h
Vout3
antenna_gain antenna2
a3 er er 3 Nu =3 =50 h
antenna_gain antenna1
a2 er er 2 Nu =2 =50 h
a1 er er 1 Nu =1 =50 h
2.Target Model
Vf_Pulse SRC2 Vpeak=1 uV Vdc=0 V Freq=1 GHz Width=0.3 nsec Rise=0.1 nsec Fall=0.1 nsec Delay=0 nsec Weight=no Harmonics=16 Vf_Pulse SRC4 Vpeak=1 uV Vdc=0 V Freq=1 GHz Width=0.3 nsec Rise=0.1 nsec Fall=0.1 nsec Delay=0 nsec Weight=no Harmonics=16 Vf_Pulse SRC1 Vpeak=1 uV Vdc=0 V Freq=1 GHz Width=0.3 nsec Rise=0.1 nsec Fall=0.1 nsec Delay=0 nsec Weight=no Harmonics=16 Vf_Pulse SRC3 Vpeak=1 uV Vdc=0 V Freq=1 GHz Width=0.3 nsec Rise=0.1 nsec Fall=0.1 nsec Delay=0 nsec Weight=no Harmonics=16
600 400
200 0 -200 -400 -600 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
v_s TimeDelay TD1 Delay=X*0.027e-9 ZRef=50. Ohm v_s TimeDelay TD2 Delay=X*0.054e-9 ZRef=50. Ohm TimeDelay TD3 Delay=X*0.081e-9 ZRef=50. Ohm Port P1 Num=1
time, nsec
Port P2 Num=2
v_s
Port P3 Num=3
v_s
1.2 1.0
ts(v_s), V
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Port P4 Num=4
time, nsec
2.Target: if Straight
600 400
200 0 -200 -400 -600 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
, , , ,
time, n ec
-80 -90
-100 -110 -120 -130 -140 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
freq,
t me, se
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.
0.
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.
freq, GHz
"
0.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
.0
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.0
400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
, ns c
s s s s
(V (V (V (V
fr
0.
0.6
0.
0.8
0.
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.
'
&% '
Outline
WHAT IS RADAR? RADAR SCANNING? PHASED ARRAY RADARS PROGRESS
FUTURE TASKS
Future Tasks
1. System Level simulation
Beam Steering Complete architecture
References
1. ELEC4600 Radar and Navigation Engineering 2. Radar Principles & Systems by LT Mazat 3. Introduction to Radar Systems, MIT Lincoln Laboratory 4. Radar Scanners & Radomes, MIT radiation laboratory series 5. Introduction to Radar basics Matlab simulation for Radar system design
References
6. www.radartutorial.eu 7. Active Phased Array Radar Systems, Dr. Yasser Al-Rashid. Lockheed Martin MS2 Radar Systems 8. Phased Array Antenna And Beam Forming Sub-sytems In Phased Array Radar
Dr A. Jhansi Rani, A.Jaya Lakshmi, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology