EAST AFRICA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering
Departments of Civil Engineering

Environmental Engineering
Semester 6th 2019

Ch.5

Lecturer : Eng. Mohamed Abdinuur

 SOLID WASTE
Management of solid waste has become very
important in order to minimize the adverse
effects of solid wastes.

Solid waste (waste other than liquid or

gaseous)can be classified as municipal,
industrial, agricultural, medical, mining waste
and sewage sludge.
 Sources of Urban
Urban waste consists of medical waste from
hospitals; municipal solid wastes from homes,
offices, markets (commercial waste) small and
horticulture waste from parks, gardens, etc.
 Sources of Urban Wastes
1. Waste from homes
(Domestic waste) contains a variety of
discarded materials like polyethylene
bags, empty metal and Aluminum cans,
scrap metals, glass bottles, waste paper,
diapers, cloth/rags, food waste etc.
2.Waste from shops
mainly consists of waste paper,
packaging material, cans, bottles,
polyethylene bags, peanut shells,
eggshells, tea leaves etc.

3.Biomedical waste
includes anatomical wastes, pathological wastes,
infectious wastes etc.
 4.Construction waste
includes debris and rubbles, wood, concrete etc.

5.Horticulture waste and waste from slaughter

houses include vegetable parts, residues and
remains of slaughtered animals, respectively.
 Effects of Solid Wastes
Municipal solid wastes heap up on the roads due
to improper disposal system. People clean
their own houses and litter their
immediate surroundings which affects the
community including themselves. This type of
dumping allows biodegradable materials to
decompose under uncontrolled and
unhygienic conditions. This produces foul
smell and breeds various types of insects and
infectious
 Industrial solid wastes are sources of toxic
metals and hazardous wastes, affecting
productivity of soils. Toxic substances may leach
or percolate to contaminate the ground water.
 In refuse mixing the hazardous wastes are mixed
with garbage and other combustible waste. This
makes segregation and disposal all the more
difficult and risky.
 Burning of some of these materials produce
dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls,
which have the potential to cause various types
of ailments including cancer.
Solid Waste Management
 Solid Waste

Such solid wastes are often called municipal solid waste

(MSW) and consist of all the solid and semisolid materials
discarded by a community.
The fraction of MSW produced in domestic households
is called refuse.
The composition of refuse has been changing over the
past decades.
Much of the material historically has been food wastes,
but new materials such as plastics and aluminum cans
have been added to refuse
 STRUCTURE OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE
MSW

Refuse Trash

Bulky wastes (TV, refrigerators goods,

Broken furniture, etc.)

Garbage Rubbish

Putrescible matter non-degradable (glass, rubber,

Metals, plastics non-metal set)

Vegetables, Meats, food

Wastes and other readily
Degradable organic wastes slowly degradable (paper, wood
Products, textiles etc.)
The components of refuse are garbage, or food
wastes; rubbish, including glass, tin cans, and
paper; and trash, including larger items like tree
limbs, old appliances and so forth, that are not
usually deposited in garbage cans.
 What is the Solid Waste Management ?

Waste management is the collection,

transport, processing, recycling or disposal
and monitoring of waste materials.

The main necessity of waste management is

to enrich the resources which are being
depleted due to rising population and
increasing consumption rates.
 COLLECTION OF SOLID WAST
Solid waste is collected by trucks. These may be
open-bed trucks that carry trash or bagged
refuse, but they are usually trucks that carry
hydraulic rams to compact the refuse to reduce
its volume so the trucks can carry larger loads
 ON-SITE STORAGE:

Factors considered:
1. Types of containers used
2. Container Locations
3. Public health
4. Aesthetics
5. Methods of Collection
 Collection of SW
• Collections were made by:
1.Municipal/ District Council
2.Private firm under contract to municipal
3.Private firm contract with private residents
• After Privatization , companies were given the
responsibility.
• Eg: Tell me some private companies in BOSASO
as example 
 Collection Frequency:

- residential areas : everyday/ once in 2 days

- communal/ commercial : daily

 food waste - max. period should not exceed :

• the normal time for the accumulation of
waste to fill a container
• the time for fresh garbage to putrefy and emit
fouls odor
• the length of fly-breeding cycle ( < 7 days).
 Types of Urban Solid Wastes
The urban solid waste materials that can be
degraded by microorganisms are called
biodegradable wastes. Examples of this type of
waste are vegetable wastes, stale food, tea
leaves, egg shells, peanut shells, dry leaves etc.
Wastes that cannot be degraded by
microorganisms are called non-biodegradable
wastes. For example, polyethylene bags, scrap
metal, glass bottles etc.
 Management of Solid Waste
For waste management we stress on three R’s’
(Reduce, reuse and recycle) before
destruction and safe storage of wastes.
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs“:
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
They classify waste management strategies according to their
desirability.
The Three R’s’ of Management of Solid Waste

For waste management we stress on three R’s’

(Reduce, reuse and recycle) before
destruction and safe storage of wastes.
(i) Reduction in use of raw materials: Reduction in
the use of raw materials will correspondingly
decrease the production of waste. (Like metallic
product )
ii) Reuse of waste materials:
It is continued use of a product for a purpose for
which it may not have been originally intended,
such as the reuse of coffee cans for holding nails,
or the extended use of a product or Oil tanks as a
water storage system
iii) Recycling of materials: Recycling is the
reprocessing of discarded materials into new
useful products.
Recycling is the collection of a product by the
public and the return of this material to the
industrial sector.
This is very different from reuse, where the
materials do not return for remanufacturing.
Examples of recycling are the collection of
newspapers and aluminum cans.
Recycling is a key concept of modern
waste management and the third
component of the waste hierarchy
Plastics
Metals
Glass
Paper
Green waste
Food waste
Paper
Biodegradable plastics
Human waste
Manure
Sewage
Slaughterhouse waste
 For discarding wastes the following
methods can be adopted
(i) Sanitary landfill: In a sanitary landfill,
garbage is spread out in thin layers,
compacted and covered with clay or plastic
foam.
Sanitary land filling is the compaction of refuse
in a lined pit and the covering of the
compacted refuse with an earthen cover.
 The Process of Landfilling
The liner is made of plastic (typically PVC) and a
layer of clay that further reduces the chance of
leakage into the groundwater of the liquid
produced by the landfill during the
decomposition of the waste.
 The liquid produced is collected by pipes laid
into the landfill as it is constructed.
.
When the landfill is full, a cover must be placed on
it such that the seepage of rainwater into the
landfill is minimized.

The landfill is built up in units called cells The

daily cover is between 6 and 12 inches thick
depending on soil composition and a final cover
at least 2 feet thick is used to close the landfill.
Closed landfills have potential uses as
 golf courses,
 playgrounds,
 tennis courts,
 winter recreation,
 or parks and greenbelts.

The sanitary landfilling operation involves numerous

stages, including siting, design, operation, and closing.
golf courses,
tennis courts,
 Siting Landfills
Siting of landfills is rapidly becoming the most difficult
stage of the process, since few people wish to have
landfills in their neighborhoods. In addition to public
acceptability, considerations include:
 Distance from collection sites.
 Size: A small site with limited capacity is generally
not acceptable since finding a new site entails
considerable difficulty.
 Soil type: Can the soil be excavated and used as
cover?
 Depth of the water table: The bottom of the
landfill must be substantially above the
highest expected groundwater elevation.
 Proximity to airports: All landfills attract birds
to some extent and are therefore not
compatible with airport siting.
 Ultimate use: Can the area be used for
private or public use after the landfilling
operation is complete?
(ii) Composting: Due to shortage of space for
landfill in bigger cities, the biodegradable yard
waste (kept separate from the municipal
waste) is allowed to degrade or decompose in
an oxygen rich medium.
Compost is the aerobically decompo-sed remnants of
organic materials
- Used in gardening and agriculture as a soil amendment;
 Composting is the process of controlled
aerobic decomposition of biodegradable
organic matter
During composting, microorganisms
break down organic matter into carbon
dioxide, water, heat, and compost:

Organic matter + O2

Compost + CO2 + H2O + NO3- + SO42- + heat

Materials for composting:
Food and drink industry waste;
Paper, card, timber and other
biodegradable waste;
Household waste;
Organic sludge including sewage;
Agricultural waste.

: Wastes from meat, dairy products,

and eggs should not be used in
household compost:
they attract unwanted vermin;
they do not appropriately decompose
in the time required.
 I. First stage: active (thermophilic)

performed by aerobic microorganisms;

decomposition of organic matter;
(organic acids, aminoacids, saharides)
occurs;
consuming of O2 and release of CO2
and energy;
high rate of composting process;
temperature - up to 55-60° С.
II. Second stage: cooling
Decomposing of more complicated organic molecules;
Most of the microorganisms die from lаck of “food”;
Lower rate of the process;
Temperature - up to 40 - 45° С;
Duration – few weeks

: humification!

Waste appearance before and after composting process

III. Third stage: maturation
Temperature is equal to the ambient;
A completely disinfected high quality
compost is formed as a result
(iii) Incineration: Incinerators are burning plants
capable of burning a large amount of materials
at high temperature. The initial cost is very high.
 Raw materials
Combustion Of Solid Waste
Processing
and Products
manufacturing

Solid and hazardous Waste generated by

wastes generated during households and
the manufacturing
process businesses

Food/yard Hazardous Remaining

Plastic Glass Metal Paper waste mixed waste
waste

To manufacturers for reuse Compost Hazardous waste Incinerator

or for recycling management Landfill

Fertilizer
 System Components
• Refuse receipt/storage
• Refuse feeding
• Grate system
• Air supply
• Furnace
• Boiler
 Ash Reuse Options
• Construction fill
• Road construction
• Landfill daily cover
• Cement block production
• Treatment of acid mine drainage
 Waste Incineration - Advantages
• Volume and weight reduced (approx. 90% vol. and 75% wt
reduction)
• Waste reduction is immediate, no long term residency
required
• Destruction in seconds where LF requires 100s of years
• Incineration can be done at generation site
• Air discharges can be controlled
• Ash residue is usually non-putrescible, sterile, inert
• Small disposal area required
• Cost can be offset by heat recovery/ sale of energy
Waste Incineration - Disadvantages
• High capital cost
• Skilled operators are required
(particularly for boiler operations)
• Some materials are noncombustible
• Some material require supplemental fuel