B - Kelompok 1 - RECOGNITION
B - Kelompok 1 - RECOGNITION
B - Kelompok 1 - RECOGNITION
Kelompok 1 :
- Bagas Abdurrafi
- Rahma Nadya
- Tarisa Dwi Rachmawati
- Razisky Fathahillah
TOXICOLOGY is the science that studies :
- Poisonous or Toxic
B C
A
The stimulus has
An observable changed normal
The observed
or measurable physiological
change can be
physiological processes in such a
duplicated from
deviation h a s way that a protective
animal to animal
been produced mechanism is
even though the impaired in its
in any organ or
dose-effect defense against
organ system.
relationships other
vary. adverse stimuli
The chemical properties of a
c o m p o u n d are often one of the
main factors in its hazard
potential. Vapor pressure (an
Chemical injury can
indicator of how quickly a liquid be local or
or solid evaporates) determines
w h e t h er a substance h a s the
systemic.
potential to pose a hazard from
inhalation.
ENTRY INTO THE
(RACUN MASUK
KE)
2.
1.
Inhal
Bo ation
3. dy
Skin 5. 4.
Absorp Injec Inges
tion tion tion
Body
In discussing toxicity, it is necessary to describe how a material gains
entrance into the body and then into the bloodstream.
example :
such as inhaling a solvent that can also
penetrate the skin. Where absorption
into the bloodstream occurs, a substance may elicit general effects or, most
likely, the critical injury will be localized in specific tissues or organs.
Inhalation
For industrial exposures to chemicals, the most important route of
entry is usually inhalation. Nearly all materials that are airbome can
be inhaled.
The respiratory system is composed of two main areas: the upper respiratory
tract airways (the nose, throat, trachea, and major bronchial tubes leading to the
lobes of the lungs) and the alveoli, where the actual transfer of gases across thin
cell walls takes place. Only particles smaller than about 5 g m in diameter are
likely to enter the alveolar sac.
Skin Absorption
example :
Workers can ingest toxic materials as a
result of eating in contaminated work areas; contaminated fingers and
hands can lead to accidental oral
intake when a worker eats or smokes on the job.
Injection
A material can be injected into some
part of the body. This can
be done directly into the bloodstream, the peritoneal cavity, or
the pleural cavity. The material can also be injected into the skin,
muscle, or any other place a needle can be inserted.
1.
Contaminants
2. 3.
Irrita Asphy
tion xiants
Contaminants
Irritation is an inflammation or
aggravation of the tissue the material
contacts. Contact of some materials with the face and upper
respiratory system affects the eyes, the cells lining the nose, and the
mouth.
Asphyxiants