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    Steam and - Leaf Display

    Uploaded by

    KuldeepPaudel
    Stem-and-leaf displays organize data into groups to understand how values are distributed across a data set. The display lists the first digit or "stem" in one column and the remaining "leaf" digits to the right to show each data point. For example, exam scores of 78, 78, 78, 73, 91, 78, 85 would be displayed as stems 7 and 8 with leaves 33858 in the corresponding rows.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Steam and - Leaf Display

    Uploaded by

    KuldeepPaudel
    50 views25 pages
    Stem-and-leaf displays organize data into groups to understand how values are distributed across a data set. The display lists the first digit or "stem" in one column and the remaining "leaf" digits to the right to show each data point. For example, exam scores of 78, 78, 78, 73, 91, 78, 85 would be displayed as stems 7 and 8 with leaves 33858 in the corresponding rows.

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    Stem-and-leaf displays organize data into groups to understand how values are distributed across a data set. The display lists the first digit or "stem" in one column and the remaining "leaf" digits to the right to show each data point. For example, exam scores of 78, 78, 78, 73, 91, 78, 85 would be displayed as stems 7 and 8 with leaves 33858 in the corresponding rows.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    50 views25 pages

    Steam and - Leaf Display

    Uploaded by

    KuldeepPaudel
    Stem-and-leaf displays organize data into groups to understand how values are distributed across a data set. The display lists the first digit or "stem" in one column and the remaining "leaf" digits to the right to show each data point. For example, exam scores of 78, 78, 78, 73, 91, 78, 85 would be displayed as stems 7 and 8 with leaves 33858 in the corresponding rows.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Steam-and leaf-display

    Stem-leaf-display organizes data in to groups. It help


    us to understand how the values are distributes and
    clustered over the range of observations in the data
    set. The basic idea of this display is based on the
    analogy of plants. first digit are listed in the column
    and called steam and leaf values are recorded for each
    stem in the row to the right of the steam.
    Example:
    Form a steam leaf display for the midterm exam score of
    student
    88 ,78, 78 , 73 , 91 , 78, 85
    Solution:
    First of all arrange the above data is ascending order as
    73 78 78 78 85 88 91
    Stem leaf display for above data is as follows
    Stem Leaf
    7 3888
    8 5 8
    9 1
    1. The marks obtained by 20 students in a business statistics test are
    given bellow:
    84 17 38 45 47 53 76 54 75 54 72 22 66 65 55 54 51
    33 39 19
    Develop the ordered array
    Construct the stem-and-leaf display.

    2.Construct a stem and leaf display for the following data.


    555 490 64 8 832 710 576 627
    Frequency and frequency distribution
    Frequency: The number of times that a variate value
    occurs is known as frequency. For example, if a variate
    value 7 repeated for 10 times , then 10 is the frequency
    of variate 7.
    [ Value taken by the variable = variate]
    Frequency distribution
    List of variable value and its corresponding frequency
    is known as frequency distribution
    Types of frequency distribution
    1.Individual frequency distribution: list individual data
    set is individual frequency distribution.For eg
    Marks obtained by the student in statistics:
    10,29,12,23,56,56,57,67,68,69,90
    2.Discrete frequency distribution: list of value of discrete variable with
    corresponding frequency is discrete frequency distribution. For eg

    Marks 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

    No.of 2 4 5 8 3 5 1
    student

    3.Continuous frequency distribution: List of continuous variable value


    with corresponding frequency is continuous frequency distribution.
    For eg
    Marks 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90

    Number 2 4 6 9 10 3 2
    of
    student
    General guidelines
    Determine for construction
    the number of Continuous
    of no overlapping frequency
    classes. By using distribution
    the formula
    Number of class= k= 1+ 3.3222 logN
    N=Number of individual classes
    Determine the width of each class. R ange
    Approximate class width (w) = N u m b e r o f c la s s

    Where
    Range= Smallest item- largest item
    Determine the class limits or boundaries

    Construct a frequency distribution.


     
    Class Example: The following are the incomes ( in 00 Rs.) of 20 employees in a day.
    12 14 19 18 15 15 18
    17 20 27 22 23 22 21
    33 28 14 18 16 13
    Construct the frequency distribution of the above data.
    Types of Class interval:
    There are two types of class interval
     Inclusive type class interval: If upper limit and lower limit both are
    included in the same class interval then such class interval is called
    inclusive type class interval. For eg

    X 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69


    f 3 5 7 4 3 1

    Exclusive type Class interval: If upper limit of Class interval is not included
    in the respective class interval and included in the next class interval then
    such class interval is called exclusive type class interval. For eg.
    X 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
    f 3 5 6 8 4 2
    Generally we prefer exclusive type class intervals for
    Conversion of Inclusive Class interval into exclusive Class interval
    statistical analysis.To convert inclusive type class
    interval into exclusive type find correction factor as
    below
    Lower limit of next c.I-Upper limt of previous C.I
    Correction factor:
    2

    Lower limit for exclusive type C.I= Lower limit of inclusive type -C.F
    Upper limit of exclusive type C.I= Upper limit of inclusive type+ C.F
    Relative and percentage frequency
    Relative frequency: proportion of the observation
    belongs to the class with total frequency.i.e
    Relative frequency= Frequency of the class
    Total frequency

    Percentage frequency= Relative frequency* 100%


    Cumulative frequency distribution
    Less Than Cumulative frequency Distribution: Less
    than cf distribution is constructed by cumulating
    given frequencies from top to bottom.
    More than Cumulative frequency distribution: It is
    prepared by cumulating given frequencies from
    bottom to top.
    For eg……………
    Graphical representation of
    numerical data
    Histogram
    Polygon
    Ogive( Cumulative polygon)
    Histogram: It is a graphical representation of
    grouped data where class intervals are placed in the
    horizontal axis and frequencies are placed in the
    vertical axis. In the histogram rectangular bars are
    used where height of the bars represents frequency
    and width of bars represents Class width.
    Polygon
    It is also the graphical presentation of frequency
    distribution or relative frequency distribution or
    percentage frequency distribution. In this case,
    phenomenon of interest of class midpoint is displayed
    along the horizontal axis and Frequency or Relative
    frequency or Percentage in the vertical axis and
    consecutive midpoints are connected by a series of
    straight lines. Polygons are also three types.
    Frequency polygon
    Relative frequency polygon
    Percentage polygon
    Cumulative Polygon (Ogive)

    A graph of cumulative distribution is called an ogive.


    In this case, characteristics of interest of the variable
    with the values “less than” or “more than” are plotted
    in horizontal axis and their corresponding frequency
    or relative frequency ( or proportion) and percentage
    are plotted in the vertical axis.
    Time plots:
    It is a graphical presentation of data according to time.

    year Number of student


    2001 30
    2002 45
    2003 46
    2004 50
    2005 60
    2006 68
    2007 65
    2008 70
     Summary
    Tables and Charts for Table:
    categoricalA summary
    table indicates the
    Data
    frequency, amount, or percentage of items in a set of
    categories .
     
    Fund risk level Number of funds Percentage of funds
    Low 202 23.27
    Average 311 35.82
    High 355 40.89
    Total 868 100
    Contingency Table
    To show relationship between given variables data are
    presented in contingency table. For eg. Following
    table represents smoking habit of student according to
    their sex
    Smokers Non-Smokers Total

    Boys 60 50 110

    Girls 20 70 90

    Total 80 120 200


    Class work
    In a survey of 200 boys, 75 were intelligent of which 40
    had skilled father. Where 85 unintelligent boys had
    unskilled father. Present the given information on
    contingency table.
    Bar Chart
    It is graphical representation of data having different
    categories. Here length of the bar shows amount,
    frequency or percentage of value of variable. For eg
    Risk level Number of institution

    High 211

    Low 300

    Medium 500
    Pie-Chart
    Pie chart- is a graphical device for presenting the
    summary (or frequency) table based on subdivision
    of a circle into sections. In this method all the given
    values are converted in terms of angles and sum of
    these angles equal to 3600.
    Suppose T is the total value and R is magnitude of
    component then angle at centre for any valu is given by
     A= 3 6 0  R
    T
    Risk level Number of institution Angle at the centre

    High 211 =75.13

    Low 300 106.82

    Medium 500 178.08


    Class work

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