Earthquake
Earthquake
Earthquake
Reduction
Natural Hazards Setting of the Philippines
The geographical and
geological setting of
the Philippines (part
of Pacific Ring of Fire
West
Philippine Philippine and Earthquake Belt)
Sea
Sea make it prone to
various hazards,
Sulu
Sea
including:
Celebes
Sea •typhoon/rain-related
• landslides
•volcano-related
•earthquake-related
•tsunami
Natural phenomena that pose potential threat or cause negative
impact to man and property
GEOLOGICAL HYDRO-
METEOROLOGICAL
Earthquakes Typhoons
Volcanic eruptions Strong wind
Landslides/ Storm surge
mudflows Floods
Tsunamis Landslides/Mudflows
Others (sink holes, Drought
ground subsidence, Extreme temperatures
erosion) Sea level change
Salt-water intrusion
Earthquake occurrences are not dispersed but
concentrated along narrow zones
Philippines
Seismicity of
the Philippines
Magnitude 4 or greater
~ about 20
earthquakes recorded
per day
~ 200 felt
earthquakes
per year
~90 destructive
earthquakes for past
400 years
Data sources:
NEIC for recent earthquakes (1897-2002)
Bautista and Oike for historical earthquakes
(1608-1896)
1. Tectonic 2. Volcanic
- earthquakes produced - earthquakes produced
by sudden movement along by movement of magma
faults and trenches beneath volcanoes
Generation of earthquakes
NORMAL
BEFORE FAULTING
REVERSE or THRUST
STRIKE-SLIP
GROUND SHAKING
INTENSITIES
DURING THE
16 JULY 1990
LUZON
EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude 7.2 Earthquake in Bohol & Cebu, October
15, 2013
Earthquake - related
Hazards
Thrust Fault Strike-Slip Fault
Guatemala
Summer Bay Resort
Oklahoma City Clermont Florida Aug
Sept. 5, 2012 12, 2013
Woodhill Apartment Ligthouse reef system Woodhill Apartment
Orlando,USA Taichung, Taiwan 1999
karst eroded sink hole Orlando,USA, 2002
About 19,000
students died
September 30, 2009 Sumatra earthquake
September 30, 2009 Sumatra earthquake
2010 Haiti earthquake
Maule Region
Date: February 27, 2009
Time: 03:34 AM
Magnitude: 8.8
Tsunami: Local (1.7 M)
No. of aftershocks: 121
(8 of which is > 6.0)
Casualties: 795
Destructive Earthquakes in the Philippines
Earthquake Hazards
Ground shaking
Ground rupture
Liquefaction
Tsunami
Landslides
Fire
Fault
Fault Fault
Fault
MITIGATION MEASURE:
No construction of houses,
schools and other buildings
on top of an active fault;
buffer zone of at least 5
meters away from the fault
trace
Fault
Earthquake
Generators in the
Philippines:
Active Faults and
Trenches
An ACTIVE
FAULT is defined as a
fault, which has moved
within the last 10,000
years.
Ground Rupture
Ground Shaking
Ground Shaking Effects
Ground Shaking Intensity
Distribution
for Metro Manila and
Surrounding in case of
M7.2 from West Valley
Fault
(Using REDAS Software)
(PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale – PEIS)
Liquefaction and Its Effects
is a process where
particles of
loosely
consolidated and
water-saturated
deposits of sand
are rearranged
into more compact
Sand Boil
state, squeezing
water and
sediments towards
the surface in the
form of sand
fountain and
creating a
condition
resembling
“quick sand”.
Subsidence Lateral spreading/fissuring
Areas prone to liquefaction