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    Lecture 7.3 Lipid Metabolism

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    Huzaifa Mehmood
    Fatty acids are oxidized in a process called beta-oxidation where two carbon atoms are removed in each turn of the spiral pathway. This produces acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate ATP. Unsaturated and odd-numbered fatty acids follow similar pathways with minor variations. Under conditions like low carbohydrate intake or diabetes, acetyl-CoA production can exceed the citric acid cycle's ability, leading to ketone body synthesis in the liver from acetyl-CoA. Ketone bodies like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are released and used by other tissues like the brain for energy production.

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    Lecture 7.3 Lipid Metabolism

    Uploaded by

    Huzaifa Mehmood
    17 views8 pages
    Fatty acids are oxidized in a process called beta-oxidation where two carbon atoms are removed in each turn of the spiral pathway. This produces acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate ATP. Unsaturated and odd-numbered fatty acids follow similar pathways with minor variations. Under conditions like low carbohydrate intake or diabetes, acetyl-CoA production can exceed the citric acid cycle's ability, leading to ketone body synthesis in the liver from acetyl-CoA. Ketone bodies like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are released and used by other tissues like the brain for energy production.

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    Lecture 7.3 Lipid Metabolism

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    Fatty acids are oxidized in a process called beta-oxidation where two carbon atoms are removed in each turn of the spiral pathway. This produces acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate ATP. Unsaturated and odd-numbered fatty acids follow similar pathways with minor variations. Under conditions like low carbohydrate intake or diabetes, acetyl-CoA production can exceed the citric acid cycle's ability, leading to ketone body synthesis in the liver from acetyl-CoA. Ketone bodies like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are released and used by other tissues like the brain for energy production.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    17 views8 pages

    Lecture 7.3 Lipid Metabolism

    Uploaded by

    Huzaifa Mehmood
    Fatty acids are oxidized in a process called beta-oxidation where two carbon atoms are removed in each turn of the spiral pathway. This produces acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to generate ATP. Unsaturated and odd-numbered fatty acids follow similar pathways with minor variations. Under conditions like low carbohydrate intake or diabetes, acetyl-CoA production can exceed the citric acid cycle's ability, leading to ketone body synthesis in the liver from acetyl-CoA. Ketone bodies like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are released and used by other tissues like the brain for energy production.

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    Lipid Metabolism

    Instructor Muhammad Hassan

    PART-III
    Oxidation of Fatty Acids
    • The acetyl CoA produced enters the citric acid cycle and the new
    molecule of active fatty acid (active acyl CoA) goes through the same
    sequence again, each time losing two carbon atoms until the entire
    molecule has been oxidized
    • The sequence presupposes the presence of fatty acids containing an
    even number of carbon atoms, a condition usually encountered in
    nature
    • If fatty acid containing odd number of carbon atoms are oxidized they
    follow the same steps except that the final products are acetyl CoA
    and propionyl CoA. The propionyl CoA is changed in a series of steps
    to succinyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, as does the acetyl
    CoA.
    • The unsaturated fatty acids are metabolized slowly; they must first
    be reduced by some of the dehydrogenases found in the cells, then
    they can follow the fatty acid spiral for oxidation
    • The FADH2 and the NADH + H+ enter the respiratory chain

    2
    ATP Production From Fatty Acid Oxidation
    Ketone Bodies
    • Ordinarily, most of the acetyl CoA produced from the fatty acid spiral is
    further processed through the Krebs cycle.
    • Therefore an adequate balance in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is
    required
    • The first step of the Krebs cycle involves the reaction between oxaloacetate
    and acetyl CoA; Sufficient oxaloacetate must be present for the acetyl CoA
    to react with.
    • Oxaloacetate concentration depends on pyruvate produced from glycolysis;
    pyruvate can be converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase.
    • Certain body conditions upset the lipid-carbohydrate balance required for
    the acetyl CoA generated by fatty acids to be processed by the TCA cycle:
    (under these conditions, the problem of inadequate oxaloacetate arises)
    – Dietary intakes high in fat and low in carbohydrates
    – Diabetic conditions -- glucose not used properly
    – Prolonged fasting conditions
    • When oxaloacetate supplies are too low for all acetyl CoA to be processed
    through the TCA cycle, ketogenesis takes place where excess acetyl CoA
    is converted to ketone bodies
    Ketone Bodies
    • Synthesis primarily in liver mitochondria and acetyl CoA

    • Acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and Acetone


    • Two molecules of acetyl CoA unite to form acetoacetyl CoA
    • Acetoacetyl CoA reacts with acetyl CoA and forms β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
    (HMG CoA), which is then cleaved to form acetoacetate (first ketone body)
    • HMG-CoA synthetase is a rate limiting enzymes
    • Acetoacetate may be reduced by NADH2 to β-hydroxy butyric acid (second ketone
    body)
    • Acetoacetate undergo non enzymatic de carboxylation to form acetone (third ketone
    body)
    • Acetoacetyl CoA may be cleaved β-keto thiolase to form 2 acetyl –CoA, which then
    enter TCA cycle and produce ATPs.
    • ketosis is the overall accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood (ketonemia) and in
    the urine (ketonuria)
    Ketogenesis
    UTILIZATION OF KETONE BODIES

    • Ketone body synthesis is hepatic but its utilization is extra hepatic.


    • Extrahepatic tissue including brain but excluding cells lacking mitochondria (e.g.
    RBCs)can efficiently utilize ketone bodies
    • Ketone bodies are releases from liver into blood.
    • From blood, muscles and kidney take up the ketone bodies and oxidize them to
    produce energy
    • During starvation ,the level of ketone bodies rises to the extent that permits
    entry into the brain cells where they are oxidized to produce energy
    • Acetoacetate can be converted to acetoacetyl CoA , which is cleaved by
    thiolase to form 2 acetyl CoA .These acetyl CoA may enter TCA cycle and
    generates ATPs.
    THANK YOU

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