P.E.

3 FIRST
AID

SUBMITTED BY: JOLIFA KAIRAN

GARY

SECTION: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

AND CRIMINOLOGY 2A
Parts of the hearts and functions
The heart is a muscle in the body that is about the size of a persons clenched fist. There are three types
of muscle in the body: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of
the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control.
Aorta
The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. This artery is responsible
for transporting oxygen rich blood from your heart to the rest of your body. The aorta
begins at the left ventricle of the heart, extending upward into the chest to form an
arch. The aorta is important because it gives the body access to the oxygen-rich blood
it needs to survive. The heart itself gets oxygen from arteries that come off the
ascending aorta.
Superior vena cava
The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest. A large
vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body. The superior vena cava
is very important for the function of the cardiovascular, since it largely contributes to the input
of blood to the right atrium. Any hypertensive process in the right half of the heart or in the
pulmonary circulation retrogradely affects both superior and inferior vena cavae.
Pulmonary artery
 Pulmonary arteries move deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. The
pulmonary arteries carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. In medical
terms, the word “pulmonary” means something that affects the lungs. The blood
carries oxygen and other nutrients to your cells. Your heart is the muscle pump that
drives the blood through your body.
Pulmonary vein
The pulmonary veins transport oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs.
The veins do the opposite job of pulmonary arteries and collects the oxygenated
blood and carry it from the lungs back to the heart. The veins merge into larger veins.
Each lung has two pulmonary veins that deliver blood to the heart's top left chamber
or atrium.
Mitral valve
The mitral valve is one of four valves in the heart. It regulates blood flow from the
upper left chamber (left atrium) into the lower left chamber (left ventricle). The left
ventricle is the heart's main pumping chamber. A normal mitral valve has two flaps, or
leaflets.
Pulmonary valve
The pulmonary valve moves blood toward the lungs and keeps it from sloshing back
from the pulmonary artery into the heart. The pulmonary valve normally acts like a one-
way door from your heart's right ventricle to the lungs. Blood flows from the right
ventricle through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery and then into the lungs,
where it picks up oxygen to deliver to your body.
Left atrium
The left atrium receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the
blood into the left ventricle.It also called as the one chambers of the heart. . Its primary
roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs and to act as a pump to
transport blood to other areas of the heart. The walls of the left atrium are slightly thicker than
the walls of the right atrium. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through
the pulmonary vein.
Right atrium
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena
cavae, and from the coronary veins. It pumps this blood through the right
atrioventricular orifice (guarded by the tricuspid valve) into the right ventricle. In the
anatomical position, the right atrium forms the right border of the heart.
Left ventricle
The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest
of the body. The left ventricle is one of four chambers of the heart. It is located in the bottom
left portion of the heart below the left atrium, separated by the mitral valve. As the heart
contracts, blood eventually flows back into the left atrium, and then through the mitral valve,
whereupon it next enters the left ventricle. From there, blood is pumped out through the aortic
valve into the aortic arch and onward to the rest of the body.
Right ventricle
The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary
valve. The right ventricle is one of the heart’s four chambers. It is located in the lower right
portion of the heart below the right atrium and opposite the left ventricle.
Aortic valve
The aortic valve is a sophisticated structure that performs a range of functions
resulting in the unidirectional flow of blood out of the left ventricle, the optimising of
coronary blood flow, and preservation of myocardial function.
Mitral valve
The mitral valve is one of four valves in the heart. It regulates blood flow from the
upper left chamber (left atrium) into the lower left chamber (left ventricle). The left
ventricle is the heart's main pumping chamber.
Tricuspid valve
As the atria fill to capacity, the tricuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from the
right atrium into the right ventricle. As the ventricles contract, the tricuspid valve
shuts tightly to prevent blood from flowing back into the right atrium.  Its role is to
make sure blood flows in a forward direction from the right atrium to the ventricle.
across the valve, found by echocardiogram or cardiac catheterization.
Inferior vena cava
The inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen
and pelvis. The vena cava is the largest vein in the body. The inferior vena cava (IVC) is
the largest vein of the human body. It is located at the posteriorabdominal wall on the right side
of the aorta. The IVC’s function is to carry the venous blood from the lower limbs
and abdominopelvic region to the heart.
Circulatory system(arteries/veins)
Arteries
Arteries carry blood from the heart, while veins bring it back. Arteries have thicker walls than
veins, to withstand the force of the blood pumping directly out of the heart. Arteries carry
blood away from the heart. Pulmonary arteries transport blood that has a low oxygen
content from the right ventricle to the lungs. Systemic arteries transport oxygenated
blood from the left ventricle to the body tissues.
Veins
Veins have one-way valves instead of muscles, to stop blood from running back the
wrong way. Generally, veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart,
where it can be sent to the lungs. The exception is the network of pulmonary veins,
which take oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Functions of Respiratory system
We can not live without the air, It contains oxygen gas which burns the small particles of the
digested food to produce the energy, carbon dioxide gas and the water vapor and this process is
called the respiration process.

Man needs the respiration process to get the needed energy from the food to do all the body
activities as the excretion, the sensation, the reproduction and the motion.

The respiratory system facilitates the sense of smell, it produces the speech, it maintains acid-
base balance, It maintains the body water levels, and it maintains the heat balance.
The respiratory system facilitates the sense of smell, it produces the speech, it maintains acid-
base balance, It maintains the body water levels, and it maintains the heat balance.

The respiration process takes place in special organs forming the respiratory system, and the
most organs of the respiratory system exist in the thoracic (chest) cavity.

The respiration process gives the body of the living organisms the needed energy to do all the
body activities, The respiration process is the process by which the human obtain energy from the
digested food.
Layers of skin
 3 mainly parts of the layers of
skin
*The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates
our skin tone.

*The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles,
and sweat glands.

*The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.
Skeletal system(bones and joints)
The human skeleton has a number of functions, such as protection and supporting weight.
Different types of bones have differing shapes related to their particular function.

So, what are the different types of bones? How are they categorized?

There are five types of bones in the skeleton: flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid.
 Flat Bones Protect Internal Organs

There are flat bones in the skull (occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, and vomer), the thoracic
cage (sternum and ribs), and the pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis). The function of flat bones is to
protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs. Flat bones are somewhat flattened,
and can provide protection, like a shield; flat bones can also provide large areas of attachment for
muscles.