Arrays and Structures - C++

Collections & user-defined types

Chapter 1- Array and Structures

 Introduction to Arrays

 An array is used to process a collection of data

of the same type
 Examples: A list of names
A list of temperatures
 Why do we need arrays?
 Imagine keeping track of 5 test scores, or 100, or
1000 in memory
 How would you name all the variables?
 How would you process each of the variables?

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Declaring an Array

 An array, named score, containing five variables

of type int can be declared as
int score[ 5 ];
 This is like declaring 5 variables of type int:
score[0], score[1], … , score[4]
 The value in brackets is called
 A subscript
 An index

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 The Array Variables

 The variables making up the array are referred to

as
 Indexed variables
 Subscripted variables
 Elements of the array
 The number of indexed variables in an array is
the declared size, or size, of the array
 The largest index is one less than the size
 The first index value is zero

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Array Variable Types

 An array can have indexed variables of any type

 All indexed variables in an array are of the

same type
 This is the base type of the array

 An indexed variable can be used anywhere an

ordinary variable of the base type is used

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Using [ ] With Arrays

 In an array declaration, [ ]'s enclose the size

of the array such as this array of 5 integers:
int score [5];
 When referring to one of the indexed variables,
the [ ]'s enclose a number identifying one of
the indexed variables
 score[3] is one of the indexed variables
 The value in the [ ]'s can be any expression that
evaluates to one of the integers 0 to (size -1)

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Indexed Variable Assignment

 To assign a value to an indexed variable, use

the assignment operator:

int n = 2;
score[n + 1] = 99;
 In this example, variable score[3] is assigned 99

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Loops And Arrays

First index is 0 Last index is (size – 1)

 for-loops are commonly used to step through
arrays
 Example: for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout << score[i] << " off by "
<< (max – score[i]) << endl;
}
could display the difference between each score
and the maximum score stored in an array

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Constants and Arrays

 Use constants to declare the size of an array

 Using a constant allows your code to be easily
altered for use on a smaller or larger set of data
 Example: const int NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS = 50;
int score[NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS];
…
for ( i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS; i++)
cout << score[i] << " off by "
<< (max – score[i]) << endl;
 Only the value of the constant must be changed to make
this code work for any number of students

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Variables and Declarations

 Most compilers do not allow the use of a variable

to declare the size of an array

Example: cout << "Enter number of students: ";

cin >> number;
int score[number];

 This code is illegal on many compilers

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Arrays and Memory

 Declaring the array int a[6]

 Reserves memory for six variables of type int
 The variables are stored one after another
 The address of a[0] is remembered
 The addresses of the other indexed variables is not
remembered
 To determine the address of a[3]
 Start at a[0]
 Count past enough memory for three integers to find a[3]

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Array Index Out of Range

 A common error is using a nonexistent index

 Index values for int a[6] are the values 0 through 5
 An index value not allowed by the array declaration
is out of range
 Using an out of range index value doe not produce
an error message!
 Attempts to read a value out of range returns 0 and attempts to set a value out of range has no effect.

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Out of Range Problems

 If an array is declared as: int a[6];

and an integer is declared as: int i = 7;
 Executing the statement a[i] = 238; causes…
 The computer to calculate the address of the illegal a[7]

(This address could be where some other variable is stored)

 The value 238 is stored at the address calculated for a[7]

 No warning is given!

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Initializing Arrays

 To initialize an array when it is declared

 The values for the indexed variables are enclosed
in braces and separated by commas
 Example: int children[3] = { 2, 12, 1 };
Is equivalent to:
int children[3];
children[0] = 2;
children[1] = 12;
children[2] = 1;

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Default Values

 If too few values are listed in an initialization

statement
 The listed values are used to initialize the first of
the indexed variables
 The remaining indexed variables are initialized to
a zero of the base type
 Example: int a[10] = {5, 5};
initializes a[0] and a[1] to 5 and
a[2] through a[9] to 0

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Un-initialized Arrays

 If no values are listed in the array declaration,

some compilers will initialize each variable to a
zero of the base type
 DO NOT DEPEND ON THIS!

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 10.5

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

 C++ allows arrays with multiple index values

 Eg. char page [30] [100];
declares an array of characters named page
 page has two index values:
 The first ranges from 0 to 29

 The second ranges from 0 to 99

 Each index is enclosed in its own brackets

 Page can be visualized as an array of
30 rows and 100 columns
 “page’s” base type is character array of 100

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Multidimensional array parameter
When a multidimensional array parameter is given in a function
heading or function declaration, the size of the first dimension is
not given,
but the remaining dimension sizes must be given in square
brackets.
Since the first dimension size is not given, you usually need an
additional parameter of type int that gives the size of this first
dimension

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Multidimensional Array Parameters cont’d…

 The size of an array is not needed

when declaring a formal parameter in a function declaration:
void display_line(const char a[ ], int size);
 The base type of a multi-dimensional array must
be completely specified in the parameter
declaration
 void display_page(const char page[ ] [100],
int size_dimension_1);

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Program Example: Grading Program

 Grade records for a class can be stored in a

two-dimensional array
 For a class with 4 students and 3 quizzes the array
could be declared as

int grade[4][3];
 The first array index refers to the number of a student
 The second array index refers to a quiz number

 Since student and quiz numbers start with one,

we subtract one to obtain the correct index

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Grading Program: average scores

 The solution in the next slides is done using functions to compute averages of students and quizzes. Since
we have not covered functions yet , just take the logic in the program to solve the problem stated above.
 The grading program uses one-dimensional
arrays to store…
 Each student's average score
 Each quiz's average score
 The functions that calculate these averages
use global constants for the size of the arrays
 This was done because the
functions seem to be
particular to this program

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Code to prepare the averages (1/3)

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Code to prepare the averages (2/3)

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Code to prepare the averages (3/3)

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

The view of the two-Dimensional Array for the grading problem

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Another view of two-Dimensional Array of the grading problem

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Structures

 Recall that elements of arrays

0 1 2 3 4 5 98 99
must all be of the same type
scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80 . . .

 In some situations, we wish to group

elements of different types

employee R. Jones 123 Elm 6/12/55 14.75

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
 Structures
Structure: A programmer-defined data type that
allows multiple variables types to be grouped
together
Structure declaration format:
struct structure name
{
type1 field1;
type2 field2;
…
typen fieldn;
};
Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
Example struct Declaration

struct StudentStruct
structure name
{
int studentID;
string name; structure members
short year;
double gpa;
}; Note the
required
Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
;
struct Declaration Notes

struct names commonly begin with an

uppercase letter, because they are a type
Multiple fields of same type can be declared
in a comma-separated list
string name,address;
Fields in a structure are all public by default

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Defining Structure Variables

A struct declaration does not allocate

memory or create variables, because they are a
type
To define variables, use structure tag as the type
name s1
studentID
StudentStruct s1;
name
year

gpa

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Accessing Structure Members
Use the name of the struct variable
the name of the member
separated by a dot .

getline(cin, s1.name);
cin >> s1.studentID;
s1.gpa = 3.75;

The dot is called the member selector

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
Aggregate Operations with Structures

 Recall that arrays had no whole array operations (except passing reference to parameter)
 Structures DO have aggregate operators
 assignment statement =
 parameter (value or reference)
 return a structure as a function type

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Aggregate Operations with Structures

 Limitations on aggregate operations

 no I/O cout << old_part;
cin >> new_part;

 no arithmetic operations

old_part = new_part + old_part;

 no comparisons if (old_part < new_part)

cout << ...;
Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
Aggregate Operations with Structures


struct variables must be initialized, compared, written one member at a time.

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Displaying struct Members

To display the contents of a struct variable, you

must display each field or member separately, using
the dot operator
Wrong:
cout << s1; // won’t work!

Correct:
cout << s1.studentID << endl;
cout << s1.name << endl;
cout << s1.year << endl;
cout << s1.gpa;
Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
 Comparing struct Members

Similar to displaying a struct, you cannot

compare two struct variables directly:

if (s1 >= s2) // won’t work!

Instead, compare member variables:

if (s1.gpa >= s2.gpa) // better

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Initializing a Structure

Structure members cannot be initialized in the structure

declaration, because no memory has been allocated yet

struct Student // Illegal

{ // initialization
int studentID = 1145;
string name = "Alex";
short year = 1;
float gpa = 2.95;
};

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Initializing a Structure (continued)

Structure members are initialized at the time a

structure variable is created
You can initialize a structure variable’s members
with either
o an initialization list on structure variable declaration.
o a constructor – not seen here

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Initialization List Example

Structure Declaration Structure Variable

box
struct Dimensions length 12
{ int length,
width 6
width,
height 3
height;
};
Dimensions box = {12,6,h};
Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
 Nested Structures
A structure can have another structure as a
member.
struct PersonInfo
{ string name,
address,
city;
};
struct Student
{ int studentID;
PersonInfo pData;
short year;
double gpa;
};
Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
Members of Nested Structures
Use the dot operator multiple times to access fields of nested
structures
Student s5;
s5.pData.name = "Joanne";
s5.pData.city = "Tulsa";
Reference the nested structure’s fields by the member variable name,
not by the structure name
s5.PersonInfo.name = "Joanne"; //no!

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Structures as Function Arguments

You may pass members of struct variables to

functions
computeGPA(s1.gpa);

You may pass entire struct variables to

functions by value or by reference
void CopyPart (PartStruct partOrig, PartStruct &
partNew);

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Notes on Passing Structures

 Using a value parameter for structure can slow down a

program and waste space
 Using a reference parameter speeds up program
execution, but it allows the function to modify data in
the structure
 To save space and time while protecting structure data
that should not be changed, use a const reference
parameter
void showData(const StudentStruct &s)
// header

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Returning a Structure from a Function

A function can return a struct

StudentStruct getStuData(); // prototype
s1 = getStuData(); // call

The function must define a local structure variable

o for internal use
o to use with return statement

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

 Returning a Structure Example
Student getStuData()
{ Student s; // local variable
cin >> s.studentID;
cin.ignore();
getline(cin, s.pData.name);
getline(cin, s.pData.address);
getline(cin, s.pData.city);
cin >> s.year;
cin >> s.gpa;
return s;
}
Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
Contrast - Arrays and structs

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Arrays of structs

 First declare a struct (such as PartStruct)

 Then specify an array of that type

typedef PartStruct PartsArray [50];

 Access elements of the array, elements of the struct

How do we for (x = 0; x <50; x++)

print all the parts [x].descript;
cout << _______________________;
descrip fields?
Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++
structs with Arrays

 Example

const ARRAYSIZE = 1000;

struct LISTTYPE
{
int list [ARRAYSIZE]; //array containing the list
int listLength; //length of the list
}

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Hierarchical structures

struct InventoryStruct {
 Defn => structs where at least one of the PartStruct
components is, itself, apart;
struct
 Example: int qty_sold,
re_order_qty;
VendorStruct
vendor; };

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Choosing Data Structures

 Strive to group logical elements of a structure together

 calls for hierarchical structures

 Push details of entities down to lower levels of the structure

 Data Abstraction <=> separation of logical peoperties of a data type from its implementation

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Testing and Debugging Hints

 Declaration of a struct type must end with a semicolon ;

 Be sure to specify the full member selector when referencing a component of a struct variable
 don’t leave out the struct name

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Testing and Debugging

 When using an array in a struct, the index goes at the end

studentRecord.scores[x]
 When using an array of struct, the index goes after the struct name
parts[x].qty

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Testing and Debugging

 Process struct members separately … the only aggregate operations will be

 Assignment =
 Parameter passing
void do_it (PartStruct part);
 Function return
PartStruct ProcessThings ( );

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++

Testing and Debugging

struct PartStruct struct

{ ScoresStruct {
 Be careful using same member names in different struct types

int qty; int qty;

. . . . . .
 } keeps
Compiler ; them separate OK } ;`
 Human readers can easily confuse them

Chapter 1- Array and Structures in C++