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    19-203-0802 Computer Commu-Nication and Net - Working: Professional Elective - IV SEM-8

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    Ťèjùźź Țèjù
    The document provides information about the syllabus for a professional elective course on computer communication and networking. The course outcomes include demonstrating knowledge of basic network technologies, identifying different network topologies and protocols, understanding the OSI model and TCP/IP protocols, and familiarizing with network design and implementation of basic protocols. The document then provides details about topics that will be covered in the course, including an introduction to computer networks, components of a network, network models, types of networks, protocols and architectures like OSI and TCP/IP, and switching techniques like circuit switching and packet switching.

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    19-203-0802 Computer Commu-Nication and Net - Working: Professional Elective - IV SEM-8

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    Ťèjùźź Țèjù
    17 views45 pages
    The document provides information about the syllabus for a professional elective course on computer communication and networking. The course outcomes include demonstrating knowledge of basic network technologies, identifying different network topologies and protocols, understanding the OSI model and TCP/IP protocols, and familiarizing with network design and implementation of basic protocols. The document then provides details about topics that will be covered in the course, including an introduction to computer networks, components of a network, network models, types of networks, protocols and architectures like OSI and TCP/IP, and switching techniques like circuit switching and packet switching.

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    The document provides information about the syllabus for a professional elective course on computer communication and networking. The course outcomes include demonstrating knowledge of basic network technologies, identifying different network topologies and protocols, understanding the OSI model and TCP/IP protocols, and familiarizing with network design and implementation of basic protocols. The document then provides details about topics that will be covered in the course, including an introduction to computer networks, components of a network, network models, types of networks, protocols and architectures like OSI and TCP/IP, and switching techniques like circuit switching and packet switching.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    17 views45 pages

    19-203-0802 Computer Commu-Nication and Net - Working: Professional Elective - IV SEM-8

    Uploaded by

    Ťèjùźź Țèjù
    The document provides information about the syllabus for a professional elective course on computer communication and networking. The course outcomes include demonstrating knowledge of basic network technologies, identifying different network topologies and protocols, understanding the OSI model and TCP/IP protocols, and familiarizing with network design and implementation of basic protocols. The document then provides details about topics that will be covered in the course, including an introduction to computer networks, components of a network, network models, types of networks, protocols and architectures like OSI and TCP/IP, and switching techniques like circuit switching and packet switching.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 45

    19-203-0802

    COMPUTER COMMU-
    NICATION AND NET-
    WORKING

    Professional Elective – IV
    SEM-8
    Syllabus
    COURSE OUTCOMES
    01 To demonstrate the knowledge and ability to inde-
    pendently understand basic computer network
    technologies

    02 To identify the different types of network topologies


    and protocols

    03 To enumerate the layers of OSI model and TCP/IP


    Protocols with its application.

    04 To familiarize with network design and implementa-


    tion of basic protocols of computer network
    Introduction to Computer Networks

    What is a net- • A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) con-


    nected by communication links.
    work?

    • A computer network is a network which allows computers to


    exchange data.

    • Data is transferred in the form of packets through a medium


    (wired/wireless).
    Components of a Network

    Components
    Simplified Network Model
    Network Model
    Classification of Networks
    • The category into which a network falls is determined by its size.

    Local Area Metropolitan Wide Area


    Network Area Net- Network
    (LAN) work (MAN) (WAN)
    LAN
    LAN is a computer network that interconnects computers within
    a limited area such as a homes, school, computer laboratory, or
    office building.
    MAN
    MAN is a computer network larger than a LAN, covering an area
    of a few city blocks to the area of an entire city.
    WAN
    • WAN provides long-distance transmission of information over
    large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent,
    or even the whole world.
    • Example of WAN is Internet!
    Internet
    • The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks
    that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between
    networks and devices.
    • It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic,
    business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a
    broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.
    Protocols & Architecture
    • For communication to occur, the sending & receiving entities must agree
    on a protocol.

    • A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.

    • The key elements of a protocol are:

    • Syntax, Semantics and timing.

    • Syntax: Structure or format of data

    • Semantics: Meaning of each section

    • Timing: when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
    Standards

    • Guarantees national and international interoperability of data and


    telecommunications technology and processes.

    • Organizations dedicated for standard establishment are:

    • International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

    • International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standards


    Sector (ITU-T) etc.
    Protocol Architecture
    • Layered architecture.

    • Information is exchanged between entities based on hierarchy of layers.

    • Each layer at the sending site uses the services of the layer immediately
    below it.

    • The sender at the higher layer uses the services of the middle layer.

    • Middle layer-lower layer-carrier services.


    Protocol Architecture

    • There are only few protocol architectures that are relevant today:

    • OSI Reference Model


    • TCP/IP Protocol Suite

    • OSI- Open System Interconnection.


    • TCP-Transmission Control Protocol
    • IP-Internet Protocol

    • The OSI model isn't a protocol; it is a model for understanding and


    designing a network architecture that is flexible, robust and interoperable.
    OSI Reference Model

    • The OSI model defines seven layers:

    • Layer 7: Application Layer


    • Layer 6: Presentation Layer
    • Layer 5: Session Layer
    • Layer 4: Transport Layer
    • Layer 3: Network Layer
    • Layer 2: Data Link Layer
    • Layer 1: Physical Layer
    Packet Components
    Layers in the OSI Model
    • Physical Layer (Layer 1) [PHY]:

    • Converts bits into electrical or optical signals.

    • Deals with the physical & electrical specifications of the interface & medium.

    • Representation of bits-encoding

    • Data rate

    • Synchronization of bits

    • Line configuration- point-to-point & multipoint

    • Physical topology- ring, star, mesh, hybrid etc.

    • Transmission mode- simplex, half & full duplex


    Data Link Layer (Layer 2) [DLL]:
    • Reliably transfers frames over a link.

    • Framing

    • Physical addressing

    • Flow control

    • Error control

    • Access control
    Network Layer (Layer 3):

    • Responsible for the source-to-destination delivery


    of a packet, across multiple networks, whereas DLL
    delivers frames between two systems on the same
    network.

    • Routing

    • Logical addressing
    Transport Layer (Layer 4):
    • Process-to-process delivery of the entire message.

    • Ensures in-order delivery of segments.

    • Segmentation & reassembly

    • Service point (or port) addressing

    • Connection control

    • Flow control

    • Error control
    Process-to-Process Communication
    Session Layer (Layer 5):
    • It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the
    interaction among communicating systems.

    • Dialog control-opening, closing & managing


    communication sessions.

    • Synchronization points or checkpoints.


    Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
    • Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
    information exchanged between two systems.

    • Translation

    • Encryption/decryption

    • Compression
    Application Layer (Layer 7):
    • The application layer enables the user, whether human
    or software, to access the network.

    • Everything is application specific.

    • Example: File Transfer, Email


    Summary of layers
    TCP/IP Protocol Suite
    Application
    • The TCP/IP protocol suite was Layer telnet, ftp, email
    first defined in 1974.
    Transport
    • It is the protocol architecture of TCP, UDP
    Layer
    the Internet.

    • The TCP/IP suite has four layers: Internet IP, ICMP, IGMP
    •
    Application, Transport, Internet, Network
    and Network Interface Layer Device Drivers
    Interface
    • The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior
    to the OSI model.

    • Network interface layer is equivalent to the


    combination of the PHY and DLL.

    • The internet layer is equivalent to the network


    layer.

    • The application layer is doing the job of the


    session, presentation, and application layers.
    Internet layer or Network Layer
    • At the network layer TCP/IP supports the Internet Protocol (IP).
    • IP, in turn, uses four supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, and
    IGMP.

    • Internetworking Protocol (IP)


    • The Internetworking Protocol (IP) is the transmission mechanism
    used by the TCP/IP protocols.
    • It is an unreliable and connectionless protocol.
    • IP transports data in packets called datagrams, each of which is
    transported separately.
    • Address resolution protocol (ARP):
    • It is used to find the physical address of the node when its
    IP address is known.
    • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP):
    • It is used to discover a node’s IP address when it knows
    only its physical address.
    • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):
    • Is a mechanism used by hosts to send notification of
    datagram problems back to the sender. ICMP sends query
    and error reporting messages.
    • Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP):
    • Is used for transmission of a message to a group of
    recipients.
    Transport Layer
    • TCP/IP supports two protocols for representing transport
    layer: TCP and UDP.

    • UDP- User Datagram Protocol


    • UDP is a connection-less unreliable protocol that is used for
    delivering messages between processes.
    • Used in delay sensitive applications.

    • TCP- Transmission Control Protocol


    • TCP provides full transport-layer services to applications.
    • TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol- connection-
    oriented protocol.
    Application Layer
    • The application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined
    session, presentation, and application layers in the OSI model.
    • Many protocols are defined at this layer.

    • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)


    • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
    • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
    • Domain Name System (DNS)
    • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
    • Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
    Comparison of OSI Model and TCP/IP Suite

    OSI TCP/IP

    Application
    Application
    Presentation

    Session
    Transport
    Transport

    Network Internetwork
    Network
    Data Link Access

    Physical Physical
    Switching Techniques
    Circuit Switching
    • Two nodes communicate with each other over a dedicated
    communication path.

    • There is a need of pre-specified route from which data will


    travel and no other data is permitted.

    • In this type of switching, once a connection is established, a


    dedicated path exists between both ends until the connection
    is terminated.

    • Eg: Telephone communication


    Packet Switching
    • Messages are divided into packets of fixed or variable
    size.

    • Resources are allocated on demand.

    • Each switching node has a buffer to hold packets


    temporarily.

    • If the outgoing line is busy, the packet stays in queue


    until the line becomes available.

    • Packet switching divided into Datagram switching &


    Virtual Circuit switching
    Datagram packet switching
    • Each packet is routed independently through the
    network.

    • Each packet carries a header that contains the


    full information about the destination.

    • Each packet takes its own path in order to reach


    the destination.
    Virtual Circuit switching
    • Entire message is divided into packets.

    • But before data transfer, a virtual circuit is established

    • Packets will have to use the pre-established route to


    reach the destination.

    • The virtual circuit is not a dedicated path; it could be


    used for other data transfers.
    Network Topologies

    • Physical arrangement of devices in a network.

    • Ring
    • Star
    • Bus
    • Tree
    • Mesh

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