Water For Pharmaceutical Use
Water For Pharmaceutical Use
Water For Pharmaceutical Use
PHARMACEUTICAL USE
Introduction
As a compound water exists in all the three states
of matter i.e. liquid, vapor & solid .
About 75% of earth is covered by aqueous water.
In vapour form water is an important constituent of earth
atmosphere. Water also occurs in all animals and vegetable
tissues
water constitutes 70% of human body weight .
PROPERTIES OF WATER
Water is distinguished from other covalent hydrides by its strong hydrogen bonds
which exist between neighboring molecules.
Although oxygen is second to fluorine in the strength of the hydrogen bond, it forms
hydrogen bonding, reaches its peak in water because of the two protons per molecule
available for hydrogen bonding.
Ammonia and hydrogen fluoride are limited to one hydrogen bond per molecule.
Because of its multiplicity and strength of hydrogen bonds in water many of its
physical properties are of much greater magnitude than would normally be expected.
HYDRIDES
Hydride- any of a class of chemical compounds in which hydrogen is
combined with another element.
Three basic types of hydrides;
1. saline (ionic)- alkali metals and alkaline-earth metals (with the
possible exception of beryllium hydride, BeH2, and magnesium
hydride, MgH2)
2. Metallic -transition metals and inner transition metals( (the
scandium, titanium, and vanadium families)
3. Covalent-rest of main groups
may be distinguished on the basis of type of chemical bond involved
Unusual properties of water
Water is a unique liquid and its properties do not follow those of other hydrides.
For example, ammonia and hydrogen fluoride are classical examples of covalent hydrides.
Water is distinguished from other covalent hydrides by its strong hydrogen bonds which exist between
neighboring molecules. Although oxygen is second to fluorine in the strength of the hydrogen bond, it forms
hydrogen bonding, reaches its peak in water, because of the two protons per molecule available for
hydrogen bonding.
Ammonia and hydrogen fluoride are limited to one hydrogen bond per molecule.
Because of hydrogen bonding ( multiplicity and strength of hydrogen bonds in water), many of its physical
properties are of much greater magnitude than would normally be expected.
Comparison of boiling points of NH3 ,H2O
and HF r.t.p(20 c,1atm)
0
NH3 H2O HF
Fe2+ Fe3+
The chemistry involved is as follows
FeSO4 Fe2+ + SO42-
Fe2+ + 12𝑂2 +H2O [Fe (H2O) 6]3+
[Fe (H2O) 6]3+ + 3H2O Fe (H2O) 3(OH) 3 + 3H3O+(gelatinous material traps fine
particles)
DISSOLVED SOLIDS
Dissolved solids are generally not easy to remove and they range from 25 to 1000ppm.If raw water
is exceptionally hard; the ppm goes higher and has to be reduced using lime or ammonia.
Exceptionally lime or ammonia may be added during pre -treating stage. The base neutralizes the
soluble bicarbonate ion precipitating them in form of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe3+ ions.
Chemistry basically can have:
HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O
Soluble insoluble
The precipitated normal bicarbonate is removed during settling and filtration. Only bicarbonate hardness is
reduced by the base treatment (lime).Other chemicals such as metaphosphates are available to reduce
hardness more completely if it is necessary
Removal of pathogens
• oxidative procedures used e.g., chlorination, boiling and aeration.
• Aeration will remove anaerobic bacteria. With more polluted water, more action of chlorine is used. Most
compounds used (chlorine, calcium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite,jik ) are excellent germicides that are
frequently used instead of chlorine. For large scale, chlorine is recommended.
Fluoride ion becomes available on dissociation of fluorosilicate and releases fluoride as follows:
2(H+ Cl-)
Na2SiF6 H2SiF6 +2NaCl
The fluorosilicic acid can form hydrogen fluoride (H2F2 - a dimer)
H2SiF6 H2F2 + SiF4
H2F2 2H3O+ + 2F-
SiF4 + 4H2O H2F2 + SiO2
Fluoride level of between 0.8-1.3ppm is recommended but 1ppm is the most commonly used.
SELECTION OF WATER
TREATMENT OF WATER
Hard water
Hard water- water that contains salts of calcium and magnesium
principally as:
Bicarbonates
Chlorides
sulfates.