Dynamics: Force and Newton's

Laws of Motion
 Development of Force Concept
• Understand the definition of force
• Force—is an influence that can change the motion of an object. That is, a push or a pull

• Dynamics considers the forces that affect the motion of moving objects and systems.
Newton’s laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics. These laws provide an
example of the breadth and simplicity of principles under which nature functions. They
are also universal laws in that they apply to similar situations on Earth as well as in
space.
• Isaac Newton’s (1642–1727) laws of motion were just one part of the monumental work
that has made him legendary. The development of Newton’s laws marks the transition
from the Renaissance into the modern era.
• Isaac Newton’s monumental work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, was
published in 1687. It proposed scientific laws that are still used today to describe the
motion of objects.
• Magnetism is the magnetic force between two wires carrying electric current.
 Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia
states that a body at rest remains at rest, or, if in motion, remains in
motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force.
The property of a body to remain at rest or to remain in motion with
constant velocity is called inertia. The inertia of an object is
measured by its mass.
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System

is closely related to Newton’s first law of motion. It mathematically states the

cause and effect relationship between force and changes in motion. Newton’s
second law of motion is more quantitative and is used extensively to calculate
what happens in situations involving a force.

First, what do we mean by a change in motion? The answer is that a change

in motion is equivalent to a change in velocity. A change in velocity means, by
definition, that there is an acceleration. Newton’s first law says that a net
external force causes a change in motion; thus, we see that a net external
force causes acceleration.

What do we mean by an external force? An intuitive notion of external is

correct—an external force acts from outside the system of interest.
For example, in Figure 4.5(a) the system of interest is the wagon plus the child in it. The two forces exerted by the other children are external forces. An internal force acts between elements of the system. Again looking at Figure 4.5(a), the force the child in the wagon exerts to hang onto the wagon is an internal force between elements of the system of interest. Only external forces affect the motion of a system, according to Newton’s first law.

You must define the boundaries of the system before you

can determine which forces are external .
Solution
Since acceleration, mass, and the force of friction are given, we start with
Newton’s second law and look for ways to find the thrust of the engines.
Since we have defined the direction of the force and acceleration as
acting “to the right,” we need to consider only the magnitudes of these
quantities in the calculations. Hence we begin with
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
• Understand Newton's third law of motion.
• Apply Newton's third law to define systems and solve problems of motion
 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces

• Define normal and tension forces.

• Apply Newton's laws of motion to solve problems involving a variety of forces.
• Use trigonometric identities to resolve weight into components
Weight (also called force of gravity) is a pervasive force that acts at all times and must be
counteracted to keep an object from falling.
Weight on an Incline, a Two-Dimensional Problem
Consider the skier on a slope shown in Figure 4.13. Her mass including equipment is 60.0
kg. (a) What is her acceleration if friction is negligible? (b) What is her acceleration if
friction is known to be 45.0 N?
• A tension is a force along the length of a medium, especially a force carried by a flexible medium,
such as a rope or cable. The word “tension” comes from a Latin word meaning “to stretch.” Not
coincidentally, the flexible cords that carry muscle forces to other parts of the body are called
tendons. Any flexible connector, such as a string, rope, chain, wire, or cable, can exert pulls only
parallel to its length; thus, a force carried by a flexible connector is a tension with direction
parallel to the connector. It is important to understand that tension is a pull in a connector
What Is the Tension in a Tightrope?
Calculate the tension in the wire supporting the 70.0-kg tightrope walker
shown in
Discussion
Note that the vertical tension in the wire acts as a
normal force that supports the weight of the tightrope
walker. The tension is almost six times the 686-N
weight of the tightrope walker. Since the wire is
nearly horizontal, the vertical component of its
tension is only a small fraction of the tension in the
wire. The large horizontal components are in opposite
directions and cancel, and so most of the tension in
the wire is not used to support the
weight of the tightrope walker.
Friction is a force that opposes relative motion between surfaces in contact. One of the simpler
characteristics
of friction is that it is parallel to the contact surface between surfaces and always in a direction that
opposes motion
or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two surfaces are in contact and moving
relative to one
another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, friction slows a hockey
puck sliding on ice. But when objects are stationary, static friction can act between them; the static
friction is usually greater than
the kinetic friction between the surfaces.
Drag Forces
Like friction, the drag force always opposes the motion of an
object. Unlike simple friction, the drag force is proportional to
some function of the velocity of the object in that fluid. This
functionality is complicated and depends upon the shape of the
object, its size, its velocity, and the fluid it is in. For most large
objects such as bicyclists, cars, and baseballs not moving too
slowly, the magnitude of the drag force is found to be
proportional to the square of the
speed of the object. We can write this relationship
mathematically as 𝐹𝐷 ∝ 𝑣2. When taking into account other
factors, this relationship becomes
Sample Problem
Find the terminal velocity of an 85-kg skydiver falling in a spread-eagle
position
Elasticity: Stress and Strain
A change in shape due to the application of a force is a deformation. Even very small
forces are known to cause some deformation. For small deformations, two important
characteristics are observed. First, the object returns to its original shape when the
force is removed—that is, the deformation is elastic for small deformations. Second,
the size of the deformation is proportional to the force—that is, for small deformations,
Hooke’s law is obeyed. In equation form, Hooke’s law is given by Where ∆𝐿 is the
amount of deformation (the change in length, for example) produced by the force F,
and k is a proportionality constant that depends on the shape and composition of the
object and the direction of the force. Tensile strength is the breaking stress that will
cause permanent deformation or fracture of a material