Good Morning Grade 8!

Earthquakes and
Faults
Science Quarter 2 (Week 1 – 4)
November 15, 2021
At the end of this lesson, you will be able
to learn:
 using models or illustrations, explain how movements
along faults generate earthquakes.
 to differentiate the following: epicenter of an earthquake
from its focus, intensity of an earthquake from its
magnitude, active and inactive fault.
 explain how earthquake waves provide information
about the interior of the earth.
What is Earth
Science?
EARTH SCIENCE
is any of the sciences
that deal with the
Earth or its parts.
Layers
of the
Earth
 Crust

Mantle

Outer Core

Crust Inner Core

A thin solid outermost layer that wraps around the Earth. 5 to 70

km thick. Made up of large amounts of Oxygen and Silicon.
 Crust

Mantle

Outer Core

Mantle
Inner Core

It is a semi solid very thick layer (semi-molten rock) extending

about 2,900 km. It is mostly oxides of Silicon, Magnesium and
Iron.
 Crust

Mantle

Outer Outer Core

Core
Inner Core

It is made up of molten (liquid) iron and nickel about

2,270 km.
 Crust

Mantle

Inner Outer Core

Core
Inner Core

It is composed of solid iron and nickel about 1,220 km

thick.
 PLATE
TECTONIC
S THEORY
Alfred Wegener (1915) proposed his theory of "continental
drift." where continents broken through crust of ocean
basins.
“Puzzle-like fit of Continents”
He was one of the first to realize that the Earth's surface has
changed through time, and that continents that are
separated now may have been joined together at one point
in the past.
THEORY OF PLATE
TECTONICS
“the outermost layer of the
earth called lithosphere is
broken into segments or
several pieces known as
tectonic plates that move
relative to each other.”
Earthquake
“The most dreaded
Natural Disaster”
 Earthquake
•Also called TEMBLORS.
•The movement of the crust of the Earth resulting
from the release of built up potential energy
between two stuck tectonic plates!
•Any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the
passage of seismic waves through the rocks of the
Earth.
Earthquake
 Foreshocks
 Main shocks
 Aftershocks
SEISMOLOGY
It is the study of earthquakes
and seismic waves that move
through and around the Earth.
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
It refers to the region
bordering the Pacific
Ocean that is an active
site of earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions.
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
About 90% of the world's
earthquakes and 81% of
the world's largest
earthquakes occur along
the Ring of Fire.  
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
The Ring of Fire is a direct
result of plate tectonics
and the movement and
collisions of lithospheric
plates. 
Philippine Islands is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire
thus, we are likely to experience geographical hazards like
volcanic eruptions and earthquakes anytime.
Countries in the Pacific Ring of Fire include:
Chile Japan Canada Costa Rica

Mexico Philippines Peru Colombia

United New Taiwan Singapore

States Zealand
Antarctica Malaysia Guatemala El Salvador

Russia Indonesia Ecuador Panama

 The NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
mandated to monitor and study earthquake and
volcanoes in the Philippines are the following:

•Philippine Institute of Volcanology

and Seismology (PHILVOLCS)
•Department of Science and
Technology (DOST)
What is FAULT?
• It refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of
weakness where movement of displacement has
occurred or will occur again.
• The forces inside earth results to faults.
• Rocks along a fault move up and down, side to
side, or in a combination of directions.
Philippine
Fault
System
Why do we need to
study the “fault
system” of
Philippines?
KINDS OF FAULTS
 Normal /
tensional
fault
It is a geologic fault in which the hanging wall has
moved downward relative to the footwall. Two blocks
of rock are pulled apart, as by tension.
 Normal /
tensional
fault
It is a geologic fault in which the hanging wall has
moved downward relative to the footwall. Two blocks
of rock are pulled apart, as by tension.
 Reverse
(thrust)/
compressiona
l
fault
It is a geologic fault in which the hanging wall has
moved upward relative to the footwall. Two blocks of
rock are forced together by compression.
 Reverse
(thrust)/
compressiona
l
fault
It is a geologic fault in which the hanging wall has
moved upward relative to the footwall. Two blocks of
rock are forced together by compression.
 Strike-
slip
fault
It is a geologic fault in with surfaces on opposite sides of the fault
plane is moving horizontally and parallel to the strike of the fault.
Right or left lateral: dependent on perceived crust movement
 Strike-
slip
fault
It is a geologic fault in with surfaces on opposite sides of the fault
plane is moving horizontally and parallel to the strike of the fault.
Right or left lateral: dependent on perceived crust movement
How Faults Generate Earthquake?
Stress builds up along the
boundary of moving
tectonic plates, causing
the rocks to bend or
stretch and thereby
storing potential energy.
When these rocks have been
bent or stretched beyond
the limit, the rocks will
break and suddenly
releases the stored energy
producing vibrations or
earthquakes.
 The Philippines encounters an average of 20
earthquakes recorded per day and records an
average of 100-150 felt earthquakes per year.
Major sources of these earthquakes are movements
from the known active faults. For the past 400 years
about 90 destructive historical earthquakes were
recorded and caused so much devastation on the
affected areas.
TWO TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
Tectonic Earthquakes
earthquakes are induced by
those generated rising the lava
by the sudden or magma
displacement
along faults in
beneath active
the solid and volcanoes are
rigid layer of called volcanic
the earth. earthquakes.
Earthquake: Anatomy,
fault, intensity and
magnitude
 What is the
difference between
“FOCUS” and
“EPICENTER”?
FOCUS
FOCUS / HYPOCENTER
EPICENTER
 Fault line is any
edge of the fault
plane that shows how
much movement has
taken place.

When the fault plane

is exposed above
ground, it is called
fault scrap, and is
usually the best sign
that there is a fault
in the area.
Let’s go back to
the definition of
“Earthquake”?
 Earthquake
Any sudden shaking of the
ground caused by the
passage of seismic
waves through Earth’s
rocks.
Seismic Waves
Energy moving
outward from the
focus of an
earthquake.
 There is an earthquake at this point. In the form of
seismic waves (like water ripples) the escaping energy
radiates outward from the fault in all directions. The
seismic waves shake the earth as they move through it.
 How are Earthquake Waves Produced?
The abrupt release of energy along a
fault causes earthquake waves. Over
time, pressure builds up and the rock
layers deform elastically until they
break or rupture, releasing the stored
energy. The energy is released as
seismic waves that spread, causing
movement on the rock layers and on the
surface of Earth.
 Seismic Waves
Vibration generated by an earthquake,
explosion, or similar energetic source and
propagated within the Earth or along its
surface.
These are the waves of energy caused by the
sudden breaking of rock within the earth or
an explosion.
They are the energy that travels through the
earth and recorded on seismographs using the
seismogram.
 TWO MAIN TYPES OF SEISMIC
WAVES
Seismic
Waves

Body Waves Surface Waves

P -
S - wave L - wave R - wave
wave
1. Body waves – waves that travel from the Earth’s
interior. These waves are of a higher frequency than
surface waves.
TWO TYPES OF BODY WAVES
a. P – wave
- (primary wave, compression wave, longitudinal waves or
pressure waves) is first to be detected by a seismograph.
Moves through solid rock and fluids, like water or the
liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock
of the earth's surface.
1. Body waves – waves that travel from the Earth’s
interior. These waves are of a higher frequency than
surface waves.
TWO TYPES OF BODY WAVES
b. S – wave
- (secondary wave, transverse wave or shear wave)
travels slower than P- waves and can only move through
solid rock. This wave moves rock up and down, or side-
to-side.
2. Surface waves (L waves) – are of lower frequency than
body waves, can only travel through the surface of the
Earth. They arrive after the main P and S waves and are
confined to the outer layers of the Earth.
TWO TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES
a. L – wave
- The first kind of surface wave is called a Love wave. The
speeds vary depending on the material, rock or soil,
forming the surface. This wave causes the surface to side-
to-side horizontal motion. This wave causes more damage to
the buildings and their structures during an earthquake.
2. Surface waves (L waves) – are of lower frequency than body
waves, can only travel through the surface of the Earth. They
arrive after the main P and S waves and are confined to the
outer layers of the Earth.
TWO TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES
b. R – wave
- A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls
across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves the ground
up and down, and side-to-side in the same direction that the
wave is moving. Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is
due to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than the
other waves.
 MEASURING EARTHQUAKES
• Seismometers
- instruments that
detect seismic waves.
• Seismographs
- Record intensity,
height and amplitude of
seismic waves.
 MAGNITUDE INTENSITY
- Related to energy - How strong or weak the
released. shaking is.
- Richter or Moment - Determined by observing
Scale (the scale use the effects of the
to describe the earthquake in different
total amount of places.
energy that is - Depends on (Distance,
released by an Geology, Type of
earthquake at its Building, and Observer)
source) of Dr. - Mercalli Scale of
Charles Richter Giuseppe Mercalli
(Hindu-Arabic (Roman Numerals)
Numerals
INTENSITY
 PHILVOLCS
Earthquake
Intensity Scale
PEIS
INTENSITY DESCRIPTION
SCALE
I Scarcely Perceptible

II Slightly Felt

III Weak

IV Moderately Strong

V Strong
INTENSITY DESCRIPTION
SCALE
VI Very Strong

VII Destructive

VIII Very Destructive

IX Devastating

X Completely Devastating
 … different places
will have different
intensities.

… depends on the type

of material.
MAGNITUDE
What is the difference
between active faults
and inactive faults?
 ACTIVE
FAULTS
An active fault known to have
recently generated earthquakes
within the last 10,000 years
and may still ‘continue’ to
generate earthquakes
Scientists use different ways to
find out if a fault is active:

• by checking the country’s historical

records
• by studying the vibrations, past and
present, that come from faults.
• by observing the surroundings. For
example, a fault may cross a road and
INACTIVE
FAULTS
Inactive fault
do not show signs of generated
earthquakes in the last 10,000
years but may ‘possibly’ still
generate an earthquake in the
future.
Faults in the
Philippine
Setting
The Marikina Valley Fault System or known
as the Valley Fault System which affects the
areas of Montalban, San Mateo, Marikina,
Pasig, Taguig,
Muntinlupa, San Pedro, Binan, Carmona,
Santa
Rosa, Calamba, Tagaytay, and Oriental
Mindoro.
Western Philippine Fault which affects
the areas of Luzon Sea, Mindoro Strait,
Panay Gulf, and Sulu Sea Western
Philippine Fault which affects the areas
of Luzon Sea, Mindoro Strait, Panay
Gulf, and Sulu Sea.
The Eastern Philippine Fault
which affects the
area of Philippine Sea.
Southern Mindanao Fault
which affects the areas of
Moro Gulf and Celebes
Sea
The Lubang Fault is offshore between
Batangas and Mindoro Island. It is a
left-lateral strike-slip fault along the
Verde Island passage, but becomes an
oblique-slip as it runs closer towards
the Manila Trench.
The Central Mindoro Fault is marked by a break
in slope between the mountains of Western
Mindoro and the flatlands of eastern Mindoro,
and is easily seen in topographic maps, aerial
photographs and satellite images. This fault was
responsible for the 1994 magnitude 7.1
earthquake that ruptured the northern segment of
the fault, known as the Aglubang River Fault.
 Sibuyan Sea Fault located offshore
north of Masbate. Sibuyan Sea Fault is
relayed with the Verde Passage Fault,
both left-lateral faults, by an aborted
spreading center under a trans tensional
tectonic regime.
 Tablas Lineament – the tectonic boundary
between the North Palawan microcontinental
block and the Philippine Mobile Belt
western edge. It trends northerly as it
separates Busuanga peninsula from the
Antique Range in Panay Island and passes
offshore northwards east of Tablas Island.
Amongst all the active Philippine fault
lines, Marikina Valley Fault Line is the
most geologically
active in the country according to
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
 CAUSES AND
EFFECTS OF
EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKE CAUSES
• Ground motion
• Duration of Shaking
• Surface Rupture
• Poor building design
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
•Ground Failure
•Fires
•Landslides
•Liquefaction
•Tsunami
 TSUNAMI
A tsunami is a sea wave caused
by an underwater earthquake or
landslide. It is usually
triggered by an earthquake, and
results in displacing the ocean
water, throwing it ashore and
into the land.
 TSUNAMI
Tsunamis may also be
caused by underwater
landslides or
volcanic eruptions.
Earthquake Preparedness
PRECAUTI
ONS
BEFORE
AN
EARTHQU
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE

1. Know the earthquake hazards in

your area. Strengthen the
structural designs of your house.
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
2. Help prepare your homes and schools to keep
them safe.
a. Ask your parents to strap or bolt heavy
furniture to the wall to prevent it from
falling down during an earthquake.
b. Check if hanging objects inside your home,
like ceiling fans and chandeliers, are
stable.
c. Store fragile items, harmful chemical and
flammable materials in a secured place.
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE

3. Familiarize yourself with the

exit routes and the location of
the fire extinguishers and first
aid kits in your area.
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
4. Prepare for a handy emergency kit that
contains canned goods, bottled water,
medicines, flashlights, extra batteries,
battery-operated radios, personal
documents, extra cash, hygiene kit,
cellphone with charger, power bank, family
and emergency contact information, whistle,
first aid kit, candles, matchsticks, rope,
hammer and others.
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
5. Participate in regular
earthquake drills.

6. Help plan the evacuation

areas where family members can
go during emergency situations.
PRECAUTI
ONS
DURING
AN
EARTHQU
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
1.Be calm, be alert and don’t panic.
2. If you are inside a structurally
sound building:
a. Quickly open the door, if possible.
b. DUCK-COVER-HOLD.
c. Stay away from glass windows and
heavy furniture or appliances that may
fall.
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
3. If you are outdoors, move to an open area.
a.Stay away from trees, posts, power lines, and
structures.
b.Stay away from slopes and landslide- prone areas.
c.Move away from the shoreline and move to higher
grounds because tsunami may occur after an
earthquake.

4. If you are in a moving vehicle, stop and get out.

Do not attempt to cross bridges, underpass tunnels
and flyovers.
 SAFETY
PRECAUTI
ONS after
AN
EARTHQU
AKE
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS after
AN EARTHQUAKE
1. Prepare for aftershocks. Once the shaking
stops, take the fastest and safest way out
of the building. Do not use elevators nor
enter damaged buildings.
2. Check yourself and others for injuries.
3. Check for damaged electrical and water
lines.
4. Check for spills of chemical, toxic or
flammable materials.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS after
AN EARTHQUAKE
5. Extinguish fires in the area to
prevent it from spreading.
6. If you need to evacuate your
residence, leave a message stating the
place where you are going. Also, bring
your emergency kit.
7. Keep yourself updated through your
battery-operated radios.