GEN-BIO-2-History of Life On Earth

GENERAL 11th Grade
BIOLOGY 2
MS. RUTH LYN H. PALISA
LET’S RECALL
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
• Describe general features of the history of life on
Earth, including generally accepted dates and
sequence of the geologic time scale and characteristics
of major groups of organisms present during these
time periods.
Lesson 1:
HISTORY OF LIFE
ON EARTH
The Origin of Life
• Geologic pieces of evidence show that
Earth was not formed from a single event.
Our planet was formed by different pieces
of cosmic debris that were probably
attracted to one another over a course of
about 100 million years.
First Organic Molecules
• American chemists Stanley Miller and Harold
Urey conducted an experiment in the 1950s,
which involved the simulating the early
conditions of Earth inside the laboratory. In their
experiment, they filled a flash with hydrogen,
methane, ammonia, and water to represent the
early atmosphere of earth.
How Life Began
• Scientist believe that microscopic cell-like
structures similar to the modern bacteria
appeared 200-300 million years after. These
cell like structures were actually large organic
molecule known as proteinoid microspheres.
Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
• Endosymbiosis is a type of relationship wherein an
organism lives inside the its partner. According to the
endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotic cells created a
symbiotic relationship with prokaryotic organism- one
group can produce ATP, and the other group can do
photosynthesis. These organism became mitochondria
and chloroplast, respectively.
Multicellularity and Sexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction that only produces
offspring that are genetically identical to their
parents, sexual reproduction produces organisms
that never exactly resemble their parents. These
changes in genetic information result in
increased chances of evolutionary changes in a
species.
Paleontology is the
scientific study of the
existence of life,
including the origin and
eventual destruction or
extinction of different
groups of organisms.
Geology is the study of life
on earth based on the
evidence found on rocks.
Geologists are scientist who
carefully study the different
materials that make up earth.
Geologic timescale is used to
represent the evolutionary
time.
EONS
Eons are the largest divisions in the geologic
timeline.
 Phanerozoic eon 500 million years ago

 Proterozoic eon from 2.5 billion years ago to
540 million years ago
 Archaeozoic eon from 3.9 to 2.5 billion years
ago
 Hadean eon from 4.6 to 3.9 billion years ago
the Hadean eons are sometimes collectively
known as Precambrian time, which accounts for
almost 90% of Earth`s history.
ERAS
The Phanerozoic eon is divided into three eras,
namely Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
eras.
 Paleozoic era began about 540 million years

ago (marine organism)
 Mesozoic era began 200 million years ago
(Age of Dinosaurs/Age of reptiles and also
marked by appearance of flowering plants)
 Cenozoic era 65 million years ago up to
present (Age of Mammals)
PERIODS
Periods are further subdivision of eras. The Paleozoic
era has been divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician,
Silurian, Devonian, carboniferous, and Permian
periods.
• Cambrian period organisms where noted to have hard
body parts such as shells and outer skeletons.
• Ordovician and the Silurian periods, early form of
cephalopods (which include octopi and squid) appeared.
• Devonian period this period referred to as the Age of
fishes.
• Carboniferous and Permian periods the reptiles –
animals with scaly skin that lay eggs with tough leathery
shells – evolved from amphibians.
PERIODS
The Mesozoic era was divided into the Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic periods.
 Triassic period is about 225 million years ago, the first dinosaurs appeared.
 Coelophysis - meat eater that had light, hallow bones to help them run swiftly
on their hind legs.
 Coelophysis bauri a very small dinosaur
• Jurassic period is about 150 million years
 Dicraeosaurus was one of the largest dinosaurs in this period.

 Archeopteryx one of the earliest known bird
 Cretaceous period is the time when reptiles is dominant vertebrates on earth.

 Pterosaurs (flying reptiles)
 Iguanodon and Triceratops (herbivores)
 Tyrannosaurus rex and Spinosaurus dominant carnivores in this period
 Angiosperms (flowering plant)
PERIODS
The Cenozoic era is divided into Tertiary and
Quaternary periods
 Tertiary period from 65 to 1.8 million years ago.
This period started with the emergence of
primitive mammals.
 Equus simplicidens, a grazing horse that have
lived during the tertiary period.
 Quaternary period from 1.8 million years ago up
to present it is coined sa the “Age of Mammals`”
 Hominids earliest ancestor of our species
 Homo sapien also known as Modern Humans
EPOC
H
Epoch are finer subdivisions in the
Cenozoic era and parts of the Mesozoic
era. They are only than for the most
recent portion of the geologic timescale
because old rocks in the late portions of
the timescale have been buried deeply
causing them to be intensely deformed
and severed modified by long-term Earth
processes.
DATING FOSSILS
Knowing the age of a fossil can
help a scientist establish its
position in the geologic time
scale and find its relationship
with the other fossils. There are
two ways to measure the age of
a fossil: relative dating and
absolute dating.
RELATIVE DATING
 Based upon the study of layer of rocks
 Does not tell the exact age: only compare fossils as older or younger,
depends on their position in rock layer
 Fossils in the uppermost rock layer/ strata are younger while those in the
lowermost deposition are oldest
How Relative Age is Determined
 Law of Superposition: if a layer of rock is undisturbed, the fossils found on
upper layers are younger than those found in lower layers of rocks
 However, because the Earth is active, rocks move and may disturb the layer
making this process not highly accurate
REFLECTION TIME!
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING! 

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GENERAL 11th Grade

 Phanerozoic eon 500 million years ago

 Paleozoic era began about 540 million years

• Jurassic period is about 150 million years

 Dicraeosaurus was one of the largest dinosaurs in this period.

 Cretaceous period is the time when reptiles is dominant vertebrates on earth.

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