Respiration and The Respiratory System
Respiration and The Respiratory System
Respiration and The Respiratory System
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
YEAR 8 SCIENCE
• LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Identify the site of aerobic respiration
• Write the word equation for aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and is defined as the
chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down
nutrient molecules to release energy
• It is the complete breakdown of glucose to release a
relatively large amount of energy for use in cell processes
• It produces carbon dioxide and water as well as releasing
useful cellular energy
WORD EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Anaerobic Respiration in Animals
• Anaerobic respiration mainly takes place in muscle cells during vigorous
exercise
• When we exercise vigorously, our muscles have a higher demand for
energy than when we are resting or exercising normally. Our bodies can
only deliver so much oxygen to our muscle cells for aerobic respiration
• In this instance, as much glucose as possible is broken down with
oxygen, and some glucose is broken down without it, producing lactic
acid instead
• There is still energy stored within the bonds of lactic acid molecules
that the cell could use; for this reason, less energy is released when
glucose is broken down anaerobically
PRODUCTION OF LACTIC DURING EXERCISE
• LESSON OBJECTIVES
• 1. State and explain how lactic acid is produced during
anaerobic respiration
• 2. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
• 3. Explain the parts of the respiratory system
LACTIC ACID
• Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells and lowers the pH of the
cells (making them more acidic)
• This could denature the enzymes in cells so it needs to be
removed
• Cells excrete lactic acid into the blood. When blood passes
through the liver, lactic acid is taken up into liver cells
where it is oxidised, producing carbon dioxide and water
(Lactic acid reacts with oxygen - this is actually aerobic
respiration with lactic acid as the nutrient molecule instead
of glucose)
• So the waste products of lactic acid oxidation are carbon
dioxide and water
• This is the reason we continue to breath heavily and our
heart rate remains high even after finishing exercise - we
need to transport the lactic acid from our muscles to the
liver, and continue getting larger amounts of oxygen into the
blood to oxidise the lactic acid
• This is known as ‘repaying the oxygen debt’
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
Class work
DIAGRAM OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
HOW WE BREATH
The gaseous exchange system
• The human thorax is made up of the following:
• Trachea
• Alveoli
• Bronchi (Left & right bronchus)
• Ribs
• Intercostal muscles
• Pleural membranes
• Diaphragm
FUNCTION OF THE PARTS OF THE GAS
EXCHANGE SYSTEM
•
• Trachea This is also called the windpipe. This tube runs from the mouth,
down the throat towards the lungs. It is lined with rings of cartilage
which keep it open at all times.
• BronchusThe trachea splits into a left and right bronchus (plural:
bronchi), each leads to a lung.
• Bronchiole Each bronchus splits again and again into thousands of
smaller tubes called bronchioles which take the air deeper into the lungs.
• Alveoli At the ends of bronchioles are tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Here oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out.
• Intercostal muscles These muscles run between the ribs and form
the chest wall. They contract and relax with the diaphragm when a
person breathes.
• Diaphragm The diaphragm is a dome-shaped, flat sheet of muscle
under the lungs. It contracts and relaxes with the intercostal muscles
during breathing.
The alveoli in details
• Alveoli are the tiny air sacs found at the end of bronchioles
in your lungs. Gas exchange occurs here. Oxygen moves into
the blood and carbon dioxide is removed. This oxygen is
needed for respiration to release energy from glucose which
has been obtained from food. Carbon dioxide is a waste
product in this process and must be removed.
• Some water vapour is also lost from the surface of the
alveoli into the lungs - we can see this condensing when we
breathe out on cold days
IN AND OUT OF THE ALVEOLI
SPECIALIZATION OF THE ALVEOLI