18ECE221T - Radar - Unit 1 - S1 To S9
18ECE221T - Radar - Unit 1 - S1 To S9
18ECE221T - Radar - Unit 1 - S1 To S9
(18ECE221T)
.
Sessions – 1, 2, 3, … 9.
Prepared by,
Dr. Sandeep Kumar P.
2 Session - 1
🠶 The range of the object is found by the time the pulse takes to travel
to and from the detected object
9 Radar Equation
🠶 The radar equation relates the range of a radar to the
characteristics of the transmitter, receiver, antenna, target, and
environment.
🠶 It is useful for determining the maximum distance from the
radar to the target
🠶 it can serve both as a tool for understanding radar operation
and as a basis for radar design.
🠶 However it cannot give the precise value. Why??
▪ Statistical nature of noise and signal
▪ Fluctuation & uncertainty of the target
▪ Propagation effect of the wave
▪ Losses
🠶 Are affecting the calculation
🠶 We will consider each one separately.
10
11
12
13 The Radar Equation- Considerations of various parameters
=1
At resonance it oscillates.
Attains maximum at =1
29 Complex targets
🠶 Aircrafts, buildings, missiles are some examples
🠶 It depends on the viewing angle and frequency
(wavelength)
🠶 One complex target will have two or more surfaces
which scatters the incoming waveform
🠶 They can be each modeled as cone, sphere, flat or rod
shaped.
🠶 So we can calculate them individually and add
them together.
🠶 That is the reason we studied the above separately
🠶 We should also note that the phase of each signal
reflected will be different and depend on the angle
🠶 Here we see two scatters showing the change in the
magnitude with respect to change in the viewing
angle
30 An Aircraft
🠶 The scattering shown as polar plot.
🠶 We see more signals are reflected back
when viewed along
▪ Sideways: Flat surface
▪ Nose and tail. Cone and sphere
🠶 Engine will modulate the echo signal.
🠶 The fluctuations in the reflected signal
are low when you use microwave
frequency and high when you use low
frequency.
31 Session - 6
🠶 Non matched filter (0.5-1.0 dB loss) even with Pulse compression filter (matched filter)
🠶 Automatic Integrators-binary moving window detector – 1.5-2 dB loss
🠶 Threshold level- to prevent excessive false alarm- fractional loss
🠶 Limiting loss – pulse compression process- hard limiter to reduce impulsive noise fluctuations –
produces greater losses. Hard limiters not used since it reduce clutter attenuation. Band pass hard
limiter has 1dB loss
🠶 Stradding loss – Losses occurs when signal spectral line is not centered on the filter.It occur in both
analog and digital processing.
🠶 Sampling loss- The difference between the sampled value and the maximum pulse amplitude
represents a sampling loss.
-Sampling rate – once per pulse width – 2dB loss
- three samples per pulse width – 0.2 dB loss
-Reduction in sampling interval reduces the losses.
50 Session - 9
🠶 Multiple redundant waveforms used to resolve range ambiguities which introduces losses
up to 4.3 dB. (Blind speed where target cannot be detected since both pulse repetition time
of both transmitted and received signals are same or multiple of the transmitted PRT .
🠶 Eclipsing loss- Echoes from multiple time around target arrive back at the radar at the
same time of pulse transmitted.
🠶 Also produces losses due to the shape of the Doppler filters
🠶 Fill pulses with high PRF radar avoid the effects of multiple time around clutter exhoes.
52 Collapsing Losses
🠶 Losses due to integrate additional noise samples along with signal plus noise pulses which
degrades the signals.
🠶 Losses also occurs when output of high resolution radar shown on a display whose
resolution is coarser than inherent radar.
Operator Losses:
🠶 Operators used for detection decision
🠶 Should be changed for every 30 min to avoid degradation
53 Other losses
🠶 Equipment degradation
🠶 Field degradation.
🠶 Operator loss
54 Propagation effect
The radar environment includes terrain and sea surfaces, the atmosphere (including
precipitation), and the ionosphere. These may degrade radar observations and
performance by producing clutter and other spurious returns, signal attenuation, and
bending of the radar-signal path.
▪ Terrain and sea surfaces, which may produce target masking, radar clutter,
and multipath interference;
▪ Precipitation, principally rain, which may produce signal attenuation and
clutter returns;
▪ The troposphere, which may produce refraction that bends the radar signal
path, signal attenuation, and a lens loss;
▪ The ionosphere, which may produce refraction that bends the radar signal
path, signal fluctuation and attenuation, waveform dispersion, and rotation of
signal polarization.
55 Other Radar Equation Considerations
🠶 Prediction of radar
range
56
🠶 Omitting Propagation factors, atmospheric attenuation and fluctuation loss radar range
equation can be modified as
57 Surveillance radar range equation
🠶 M our of N criterian
🠶 Track establishment as a detection criterion
🠶 Cumulative probability of detection
🠶 Verification at predicted range(blip scan ratio)
59
🠶 3. If a radar has a maximum range of 500km, then find the required PRF to obtain
unambiguous reception.
62
🠶 4. A radar operates at 10 GHz and peak power of 500kW. Its minimum receivable power is
0.1pW. The antenna has a capture area of 5.00 sqm and the radar cross section of the target
is 20sqm. Find maximum range of radar.
63 Text Book
1) Merrill I. Skolnik, “Introduction to Radar Systems”,
3rd Edition, Tata Mc Graw-Hill 2008.
64
Thank You