Cellular

Division
 Cell Division
All cells are derived from pre-existing
cells
New cells are produced for growth and to
replace damaged or old cells
Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and
eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, &
animals)
Cell Reproduction

3
 Types of Cell Reproduction
Asexual reproduction involves a
single cell dividing to make 2 new, identical
daughter cells
Mitosis & binary fission are examples of
asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves two cells (egg &
sperm) joining to make a new cell (zygote) that
is NOT identical to the original cells
Meiosis is an example
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The Cell
Cycle
 Five Phases of the Cell Cycle
G1 - primary growth phase
S – synthesis; DNA replicated
G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are called
interphase
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis
Cell Cycle
 Interphase - G1
Stage stage after cell
1st growth
division
Cells mature by making more
cytoplasm & organelles
Cell carries on its normal
metabolic activities
 Interphase – S Stage
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated

Two
identical
copies of
DNA

Original
DNA
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 Interphase – G2 Stage
2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for division
are made (e.g. centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized

10
 Sketch the Cell Cycle

DNA Copied
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature

Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
11
Mitosis

12
 Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
Also called
karyokinesis
Only occurs in
eukaryotes
Has four stages
Doesn’t occur in some
cells such as brain cells
29
 Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

14
 Early Prophase
Chromatin in
nucleus condenses
to form visible Nucleolus Cytoplasm
chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms Nuclear
from fibers in Chromosomes Membrane

cytoskeleton or
centrioles (animal)

15
 Late Prophase
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are broken down
Chromosomes continue condensing & are clearly
visible
Spindle fibers called kinetochores attach to the
centromere of each chromosome
Spindle finishes forming between the poles of
the cell

32
 Early Prophase Late Prophase
Chromosomes
Nucleolus

Nucleus & Nucleolus have disintegrated

Chromosome
18
Sketch The Spindle

19
 Metaphase
Chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore
fibers, move to the center of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the equator
Equator of Cell

Pole of
the Cell

20
 Metaphase

Asters at
the
poles

Spindle Chromosomes
lined at the
Fibers Equator

21
 Metaphase

Aster

Chromosomes at Equator
22
 Anaphase
Occurs rapidly
Sister chromatids
are pulled apart to
opposite poles of
the cell by
kinetochore fibers

23
 Anaphase

Sister
Chromatids
being
separated
 Telophase
Chromatids at opposite poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around each set
of chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes reappear as chromatin

25
 Cytokinesis
Means division of the cytoplasm
Division of cell into two, identical
halves called daughter cells
In plant cells, cell plate forms at
the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell
26
 Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in plant
in animal cell cell

27
Meiosis
28
 Meiosis
Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis I
and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division

29
 Meiosis
Daughter cells contain half the number
of chromosomes as the original cell
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)

30
Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6

1n =3

31
 Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early
Prophase I Late Metaphase envelope
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)
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Tetrads Form in Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes Join to form a

Called Synapsis
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 Crossing-Over
 Homologous
chromosomes in a
tetrad cross over
each other
 Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
 Produces Genetic
recombination in
the offspring
79
Metaphase I

Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell

35
Anaphase I

Homologs separate and move to

Sister chromatids remain attached at

36
Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.

Spindle
disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell into

37
 Meiosis II: Reducing
Chromosome
Number

Prophase
Metaphase II
II Telophase II
Anaphase 4 Identical
II haploid cells
38
Prophase II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.

39
Metaphase II

Chromosomes align along

40
 Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and move to
opposite poles.
Telophase II
Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome

43
 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
2 4
Number of
daughter
cells Yes No
Genetically
Same as parent Half of parent
identical? Somatic cells Germ cells
Chromosome # Throughout life At sexual
Where maturity
Role Growth and repair
Sexual 44