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    Routes of Drug Administration

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    Aditya Adhikari
    Routes of drug administration can be local or systemic. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug's properties, site of action, absorption rate, and the patient's condition. Common routes include oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, transdermal, inhalational, intranasal, and subcutaneous. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, bioavailability, invasiveness, and patient convenience.

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    Routes of Drug Administration

    Uploaded by

    Aditya Adhikari
    138 views39 pages
    Routes of drug administration can be local or systemic. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug's properties, site of action, absorption rate, and the patient's condition. Common routes include oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, transdermal, inhalational, intranasal, and subcutaneous. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, bioavailability, invasiveness, and patient convenience.

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    Drug administration

    Original Title

    Routes Of Drug Administration

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    Routes of drug administration can be local or systemic. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug's properties, site of action, absorption rate, and the patient's condition. Common routes include oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, transdermal, inhalational, intranasal, and subcutaneous. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, bioavailability, invasiveness, and patient convenience.

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    138 views39 pages

    Routes of Drug Administration

    Uploaded by

    Aditya Adhikari
    Routes of drug administration can be local or systemic. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug's properties, site of action, absorption rate, and the patient's condition. Common routes include oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, transdermal, inhalational, intranasal, and subcutaneous. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, bioavailability, invasiveness, and patient convenience.

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    of 39

    Routes Of Drug Administration

    Presented By :- Dr. Hemanta Chaudhary


    MD Resident
    Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
    BPKIHS
    Definition

    • A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path


    by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is administered into
    the body. 
    Factors Governing Choice Of Route
    1. Physical and chemical properties of drugs

    2. Site of desired actions

    3. Rate and extent of absorption of drugs from different routes

    4. Effect of digestive juice and first pass metabolism of drugs

    5. Rapidity with which response is required

    6. Accuracy of dosage required

    7. Condition of the patient


    Classification

    Routes

    Local Systemic

    Intra- Intratheca
    Topical Enteral Parenteral
    articular l
    Dermojet

    Subcutaneous Pellet Implant


    Biodegradable
    Implants
    Intravenous Sialistic
    Parenteral
    Non
    biodegradable
    Intramuscular

    Transdermal

    Nasal

    Inhalational
    Examples
    • Oral :- Paracetamol, Propranolol, Amlodipine, Etc.

    • Sublingual :- Nitroglycerine, Isosorbide, Nifedipine, Etc.

    • Transdermal :- Nicotine, Fentanyl, Etc.

    • Nasal :- Oxymethazoline, Desmopressin Etc.

    • Inhalation :- Salbutamol, Ipratropium bromide, Etc.

    • Rectal :- Diazepam, Enema, Etc.


    First- Pass Effects
    Topical Route
    • It is the application of drugs directly to the surface of skin.

    • Includes administration of drugs to any mucous membrane

    - Eye - Vagina

    - Nose -Urethra

    - Ears -Anal

    - Lungs
    Topical dosage forms
    • SKIN Eye or Ear

    - Creams - Solutions

    - Ointments - Suspensions

    - Lotions - Ointments

    - Gels Nose & Lungs

    - Transdermal patch -Sprays & Powders


    Intra-Articular Route
    • Injection of antibiotics and corticosteroids are administered in
    inflamed joint cavities by experts.

    • Example- hydrocortisone acetate in rheumatoid arthritis.


    Intra-Thecal Route
    • Injection of drugs into the spinal canal or into the subarachnoid space
    so that it reaches the cerebrospinal fluid.

    • Useful in spinal anaesthesia, chemotherapy or pain management


    applications.
    Oral Route
    • Oral refers to swallowing for absorption along the gastrointestinal tract into
    systemic circulation.

    • Advantages-

    1. Convenient:- self- administered, painless

    2. Absorption- along whole length of GIT.

    3. Cheap- Compared to other parenteral routes.


    • Disadvantages-

    1. Sometimes inefficient-only part of the drug may be absorbed.

    2. First pass effect-Drugs absorbed orally are initially transported to the liver
    via the portal vein.

    3. Irritation to gastric mucosa-nausea and vomiting.

    4. Destruction of drugs by gastric acid and digestive juices.

    5. Effect too slow for emergencies.

    6. Unpleasant taste of some drugs.

    7. Unable to use in unconscious patients.


    Buccal mucosa
    • Buccal administration is where the dosage form is placed between
    gums and inner lining of the cheek(buccal pouch);absorbed by buccal
    mucosa.

    • Advantages-

    1. Avoid first pass effect

    2. Rapid absorption

    3. Drug stability
    • Disadvantages-

    1. Inconvenience

    2. Advantages lost if swallowed.

    3. Small dose limit.


    Buccal route
    Sublingual Route
    • It is where the dosage form is placed under the tongue; rapidly absorbed
    by sublingual mucosa.

    • Advantages-

    1.Economical

    2.Quick Termination

    3.First-Pass Avoided

    4.Drug Absorption is quick.


    • Disadvantages

    1.Unpalatable and bitter drugs.

    2.Irritation of oral mucosa.

    3.Large quantities not given.

    4.Few drugs are absorbed.


    Sublingual
    route
    Rectal Route
    • Advantages-

    1. Used in children.

    2. Little or no first-pass effect.

    3. Higher concentration rapidly achieved.

    Disadvantages-

    4. Inconvenient.

    5. Absorption is slow and erratic.

    6. Irritation/Inflammation of rectal mucosa can occur.


    Intravenous Route
    • Advantages-

    1. Bioavailability 100%

    2. Desired blood concentration achieved

    3. Large quantities

    4. Emergency situations

    5. First pass avoided


    • Disadvantages-

    1. Irritation & Cellulitis

    2. Thrombophlebitis

    3. Assistance required

    4. Expensive

    5. Less convenient & painful.


    Intramuscular Route
    • Advantages-

    1. Absorption reasonably uniform.

    2. Rapid onset of action.

    3. Mild irritants can be given.

    4. First pass avoided.

    5. Gastric factors can be avoided.


    • Disadvantages-

    1. Only up to 10 ml drug can be given.

    2. Local pain and abscess.

    3. Infection.

    4. Nerve damage.
    Intra-Arterial Route
    • Rarely used

    • Anticancer drugs are given for localized effects.

    • Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular diseases, angiography.


    Intra-arterial route
    Intradermal Route
    • Drug is given within skin layers(dermis)

    • Painful

    • Mainly used for sensitivity testing to drugs.

    • Examples- Penicillin, BCG vaccine, etc.


    Transdermal Route
    • Absorption of drug through skin (systemic action)

    1. Stable blood levels.

    2. No first pass metabolism

    3. Offers steady level of drugs in the system


    Transdermal route
    Inhalational route
    Intranasal route
    Subcutaneous route
    Thank you

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