ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION
 I will be discussing….
Definition.
Types Of Pollution.
Causes.
Effects.
Measures.
Statistical data.
 Definition
• Pollution is the introduction of
contaminants into the natural environment
that cause adverse change, in the form of
killing of life ,toxicity of environment ,
damage to ecosystem and aesthetics of
our surrounding .
(Wikipedia)
 Definition (contd)
• An unwanted change in the environment
which involves the physical, biological and
chemical changes involving air, water and
land which affects the human life in one way
or the other”.
• Pollution has become a serious issue after
World War II in developing countries due to
unchecked rapid industrialization. Pollution is
the root cause of many diseases that kill and
disable living organisms.
A Broader View of Pollution
Contamination by
Industries
Pollution is everywhere.....
 Types
Air Pollution.
Water Pollution.
Noise Pollution.
Littering (spilling of oils in oceans)
Soil contamination (by lead, heavy metals)
Radioactive contamination.
Thermal pollution.
Visual Pollution.
AIR POLLUTION
Air Pollution…
 Air Pollution
• Air pollution is contamination of
the indoor or outdoor environment
by any chemical, physical or
biological agent that modifies the
natural characteristics of the
atmosphere.
 Sources Of Air Pollution

• Household combustion devices.

• Motor vehicles.
• Industrial facilities.
• Forest fires
 Pollutants causing Air
Pollution……

• Include particulate matter.

• Carbon monoxide.
• Ozone.
• Nitrogen dioxide .
• Sulfur dioxide
Sources & Pollutants
Acid Rain
How to control air
pollution?
 How to control air
pollution?
•Maintaining a healthy distance between the
industrial and residential areas.
•The chimneys should be constructed tall in
size so that the emissions must be released
higher up in the environment
•The sulphur must be removed after burning.
•The gasoline must have anti knocking
agents..
•The mining area should be planted with trees.
 How to control air pollution?

•The coal fuel should be replaced with gas

fuel to control the air pollution.
•The automobiles must be designed with
emission control system.
•The wastes must be removed and recycled
in the industrial plants and refineries.
•Plants like pine and ribes need to be
planted to metabolize the nitrogen oxides
and other pollutants.
 How to control air
pollution?
•Timely servicing of the car helps to keep it
in a good condition, and also minimizes fuel
exhaustion
•Using public transportation helps to
prevent the air pollution
•Using alternative energy sources like solar
energy, hydroelectric energy, and wind
energy
WATER POLLUTION
Water Pollution….
 Water Pollution…
• Water pollution is the contamination of
water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans,
aquifers and groundwater).
• Water pollution occurs when pollutants are
discharged directly or indirectly into water
bodies without adequate treatment to
remove harmful compounds.
.
 Water Pollution…
• Water pollution affects plants and
organisms living in these bodies of water.
In almost all cases the effect is damaging
not only to individual species and
populations, but also to the natural
biological communities
Polluted Water…
 Polluted Water…
• Domestic sewage.
• Industrial wastewater.
• Agricultural wastewater.
• Construction site stormwater.
• Urban runoff (stormwater).
 Water Pollutants….
• Petroleum hydrocarbons
• Plastics
• Pesticides
• Heavy metals
• Sewage
• Radioactive waste
• Thermal effluents
 Water Pollutants…
• Detergents
• Chloroform
• Food processing waste, (fats and grease)
• Insecticides and herbicides.
• Petroleum hydrocarbons, (gasoline, diesel
fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil).
• Lubricants (motor oil).
• From stormwater runoff.
 Preventing Water
Pollution…
• Conserve water by turning off the tap.
• Mind what you throw down your sink or toilet.
• Don’t throw paints and oils in water channels.
• Use environment friendly household products,
such as washing powder, household cleaning
agents etc.
• Take great care not to overuse pesticides and
fertilizers.
• Don’t throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Help clean up any litter you see on beaches or in
rivers and lakes, make sure it is safe to collect the
litter and put it in a nearby dustbin.
 Treating Polluted Water...
• Suspended, solid particles and inorganic
material can be removed by the use of
filters.
• Use of biological filters and processes can
naturally degrade the organic waste
material.
• After above two steps chemical additives
are supplied to get rid of any left-over
impurities.
Treating Polluted water…
LIGHT POLLUTION
Light Pollution
 Light Pollution
• Light pollution, also known as photo
pollution or luminous pollution, is
excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive
artificial light. Pollution is the adding-
of/added light itself, in analogy to added
sound, carbon dioxide, etc.
 Light pollution Causes..
• Degradation of photic habitat by artificial
light.
• Alteration of natural light levels in the
outdoor environment.
• Due to Indoor light pollution human health
is compromised.
 Controlling Light Pollution..

• Excessive lighting should be avoided.

• For Lighting an applicable design
should be followed.
• Light engineering should be applied for
streets.
NOISE POLLUTION
Noise Pollution..
 Noise Pollution

• Noise pollution is displeasing or excessive

noise that may disrupt the activity or
balance of human or animal life.
• Noise means disgust or discomfort hearing
from environment.
 Sources of Noise
Pollution…
• Machines.
• Transportation systems.
• Motor vehicles.
• Aircrafts.
• Trains.
• Poor urban planning.
 Effects of Noise Pollution
• Noise pollution affects both health and behavior.
• Unwanted sound (noise) can damage
psychological health.
• Noise pollution can cause
• Annoyance
• Aggression .
• Hypertension .
• High stress levels .
• Hearing loss.
• sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects.
 Effects of Noise Pollution

• Chronic exposure to noise may cause

noise-induced hearing loss.
• Older males exposed to significant
occupational noise demonstrate
significantly reduced hearing sensitivity
than their non-exposed peers.
Controlling noise..
SOIL POLLUTION
 Soil Pollution..
• Soil contamination or soil pollution is
caused by the presence of xenobiotic
(human-made) chemicals or other
alteration in the natural soil environment.
• It is typically caused by
• industrial activity.
• agricultural chemicals.
• improper disposal of waste.
 Soil Contaminating
Chemicals…..

• Petroleum hydrocarbons.
• Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Pesticides
• Lead and Other heavy metals.
How to control soil
pollution?
 How to control soil
pollution?
•Limit the use of fertilizers and pesticides
•Awareness about biological control methods
and their implementation
•The grazing must be controlled and forest
management should be done properly
•The afforestation and reforestation must take
place
•Proper preventive methods like shields should
be used in areas of wind erosion and wind
breaks
 How to control soil
pollution?

• Treating Wastes of industries.

• Treating nuclear waste.
• Proper disposing of plastics and other
garbage materials.
 Air Pollution do have….
• Health effects
• Effects on cardiovascular health
• Effects on breathing (asthma).
• Links to cancer
• Effects on children
• Health effects in relatively "clean" areas
1

POLLUTION IN GENERAL
 Most Polluted World Cities..
• Cairo, (Egypt)
• Delhi, (India)
• Kolkata, (India)
• Tianjin, (China)
• Chongqing, (China)
• Kanpur, (India)
• Lucknow, (India)
• Jakarta, (Indonesia)
• Shenyang, (China)
Pollution
 SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT

1
OVERVIEW

 Kinds of Wastes
 Waste Generation
 Solid Waste in India
 Solid Waste management methods
 What are Wastes?
Waste (also known as rubbish, refuse, garbage, junk) is unwanted or
useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted
substances expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as
urea and sweat.
 Kinds of Wastes
Solid wastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes
Examples: plastics , bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings, chemicals,
oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources.
Bio-degradable :can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable :cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans,
Styrofoam containers and others)
Hazardous wastes: Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically and have any of the following properties-
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity.
Non-hazardous : Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or
economically and do not have any of those properties mentioned above. These
substances usually create disposal problems.
Classification of wastes according to
their origin and type
 Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household
garbage, rubbish, construction & packaging materials, trade
refuges etc. are managed by any municipality.
 Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including
products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities
containers,
of medical sciences.
 Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated
manufacturing
by & processing units of various industries like
chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper etc.
 Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities.
These substances are mostly biodegradable.
 Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities.
 E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern
establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or
electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components, such as
CRTs, wires, circuits, mobile, computers etc.
Sources of Wastes

Households

Industry
 Sources of Wastes
Agriculture

Fisheries

7
Sources of Wastes
STRUCTURE OF
SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste

Refuse Trash

Bulky wastes (TV, refrigerators goods,

Broken furniture, etc.)

Garbage Rubbish

non-degradable (glass, rubber,

Metals, plastics non-metal set)

Vegetables, Meats, food

Wastes and other readily
Degradable organic wastes slowly degradable (paper, wood
Products, textiles etc.)
 Waste Collection in India
 Primarily by the city municipality
-No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-degradable, glasses, polybags, paper shreds
etc
-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts
 Local raddiwala / kabadiwala
 -Collecting small iron pieces by
magnets glass bottles
-Collecting
-Collecting paper for recycling

How solid waste affected us in recent years?

 In Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage line due to large no. of plastic
 bags.
Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, caused due to imported scrap from Iran
 Reduction in the number of migratory birds due to consumption of contaminated
foods
 animals dying on streets and farmland due to consumption of plastic bags, which
blocks the food movement in their stomach
 1.LAND FILL
 It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
 Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
 Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil
 Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate
power.
 It is generally used for domestic waste.
 2. INCINERATION
 Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid
waste at 1000C.
 waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.
 The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due
to organic waste.
 the heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.
 ADVANTAGES
 Minimum of land is needed compared to other disposal methods.
 The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value.
 No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in
 landfills.
Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas.
 Gases are used to generate power.

DISADVANTAGES
 Expensiv
 eRequired skilled
 labour.
The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants and
may destroy ozone layer (major disadvantage).
 high energy requirement.
COMPACTION:

 The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or fragile items of

waste.
 This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of many garbage collection
vehicles. Deposit refuse at bottom of slope for best compaction and control of
blowing litter.
PYROLYSIS:-

 Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to

produce char, pyrolysis oil and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also
it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence of oxygen. External
source of heat is employed in this process.
1 2

3
 The 3 R’s
 REDUCE
 You can help by PRECYCLING. 1/3 of all garbage is packaging.
 Buy things that are in packages that can be recycled or are made of recycled
materials.
 When you buy something small, say no thanks to a bag.
 REUSE
 Many things can be reused before you throw them out.
 Use coffee cans and cottage cheese containers for storage
 Use backs of paper or backs of used envelopes for jotting notes
 Put leftovers in resalable containers instead of using wraps and foil
 Use old clothes as rags for cleaning instead of paper towels
 Have a garage sale or donate clothes, books or toys that you don't use anymore
 RECYCLE
 Each year we use:
 25 billion plastic containers
 30 billion bottles & jars
 65 billion aluminum cans
 100 billion pounds of paper
 A Single Solution…..
• Go green.
• Reduce
THANK YOU !!!