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    DNA Structure and Gene Function

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    Jiro Sarmiento
    DNA stores the genetic instructions that allow cells to produce proteins. It was not until the 1950s that scientists confirmed DNA as the genetic material. Erwin Chargaff showed that DNA bases are present in specific ratios, while Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to show DNA's repeating structure. James Watson and Francis Crick then combined this information to build a double-helix model of DNA, with two strands coiled around each other. Their model showed how DNA bases on each strand pair up through hydrogen bonds to form the ladder-like structure. DNA carries genetic information from parents to offspring and allows for protein production through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA during translation.

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    DNA Structure and Gene Function

    Uploaded by

    Jiro Sarmiento
    7 views12 pages
    DNA stores the genetic instructions that allow cells to produce proteins. It was not until the 1950s that scientists confirmed DNA as the genetic material. Erwin Chargaff showed that DNA bases are present in specific ratios, while Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to show DNA's repeating structure. James Watson and Francis Crick then combined this information to build a double-helix model of DNA, with two strands coiled around each other. Their model showed how DNA bases on each strand pair up through hydrogen bonds to form the ladder-like structure. DNA carries genetic information from parents to offspring and allows for protein production through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA during translation.

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    DNA stores the genetic instructions that allow cells to produce proteins. It was not until the 1950s that scientists confirmed DNA as the genetic material. Erwin Chargaff showed that DNA bases are present in specific ratios, while Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to show DNA's repeating structure. James Watson and Francis Crick then combined this information to build a double-helix model of DNA, with two strands coiled around each other. Their model showed how DNA bases on each strand pair up through hydrogen bonds to form the ladder-like structure. DNA carries genetic information from parents to offspring and allows for protein production through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA during translation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7 views12 pages

    DNA Structure and Gene Function

    Uploaded by

    Jiro Sarmiento
    DNA stores the genetic instructions that allow cells to produce proteins. It was not until the 1950s that scientists confirmed DNA as the genetic material. Erwin Chargaff showed that DNA bases are present in specific ratios, while Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to show DNA's repeating structure. James Watson and Francis Crick then combined this information to build a double-helix model of DNA, with two strands coiled around each other. Their model showed how DNA bases on each strand pair up through hydrogen bonds to form the ladder-like structure. DNA carries genetic information from parents to offspring and allows for protein production through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA during translation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    DNA Structure and

    Gene Function
     Life depends on DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), a molecule
    with a remarkable function: It stores the information that
    each cell needs to produce proteins.
     Because proteins have so many critical functions, the
    instructions in DNA make it possible.
     Given DNA’s central role in life, it is amazing to consider
    that biologists only confirmed that
    DNA is the genetic material in the
    1950s.
     First, biochemist Erwin Chargaff had
    shown that the amount of guanine in a
    DNA molecule always equals the amount
    of cytosine, and the adenine always equal
    the amount of thymine.
     He found that each species had unique
    percentages of each type of nucleotide.
    The human cell had 31% of its bases as
    adenine, 31% as thymine, 19% as guanine,
    and 19% as cytosine.
     Second, English physicist Maurice
    Wilkins and chemist Rosalind
    Franklin used a technique called X-
    ray diffraction to determine the
    three-dimensional shape of the
    molecule. The technique shows
    pattern of a regularly repeating
    structure of building blocks.
     James Watson and
    Francis Crick combined
    those clues to build a
    ball-and-stick model of
    DNA molecule. The
    model shows two
    strands that make up a
    DNA molecule that are
    wound around each
    other, forming a double
    spiral molecule
    resembling a twisted
    ladder.
     The double helix resembles a twisted ladder. The twin rails of
    the ladder, also called the sugar-phosphate “backbones”, are
    alternating units of deoxyribose and phosphate joined with
    covalent bonds.
     The ladder rungs are A-T and C-G base pairs joined by
    hydrogen bonds. The two strands of a DNA molecule are
    complementary to each other, that is, the sequence of each
    strand determines the sequence of the other.
     In reality, the amount of DNA in any
    cell is immense; in humans, for
    example, each nucleus contains
    some 6.4 billions base pairs. An
    organism’s genome is all of the
    genetic materials in its cells.
     In eukaryotic cell, the majority of
    the genome is divided among
    multiple chromosomes housed inside
    the cell’s nucleus; each
    chromosomes is a discrete package
    of DNA coiled around proteins.
    DNA Stores Genetic Information:
    An Overview
     Watson and Crick describe the relationship between nucleic
    acids and proteins as a flow of information they called the
    “central dogma”.
    Parts/Components DNA RNA
    Bases Adenine(A), Thymine (T), Cytosine(C), Adenine(A), Uracil(U), Cytosine(C),
    Guanine(G) Guanine(G)

    Strand Double Single


    Location Found inside the nucleus Mostly found in the cytoplasm
    Sugar deoxyribose ribose
    Function Transfer genetic information form one Direct synthesis of proteins in the
    generation to the next body
     Three types of RNA interact
    to synthesize proteins.
    Messenger RNA (mRNA)
    carries the information
    that specifies a protein.
    The mRNA is divided into
    genetic “code words”
    called codons; a codon is a
    group of three consecutive
    mRNA bases that
    corresponds to one amino
    acid.
     Transfer RNA (tRNA)
    molecules are “connectors”
    that bind an mRNA codon at
    one end and a specific amino
    acid at the other. Their role
    is to carry each amino acid to
    the correct spot along the
    mRNA molecule.
     Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
    combines with proteins to
    form a ribosome, the physical
    location where translation
    occur.

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