l15 Cerebrum
l15 Cerebrum
l15 Cerebrum
Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
List the parts of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, medulla, basal
nuclei, lateral ventricle).
Describe the subdivision of a cerebral hemisphere into lobes.
List the important sulci and gyri of each lobe.
Describe different types of fibers in cerebral medulla
(association, projection and commissural) and give example of
each type.
Cerebrum Corpus callosum
Largest part of the forebrain.
Divided into two halves, the
(cerebral hemipheres),
which are separated by a
deep median longitudinal Left Right
fissure which lodges the falx hemisphere hemisphere
cerebri.
In the depth of the fissure, the
hemispheres are connected
by a bundle of fibers called
the corpus callosum.
Superolateral Medial
Inferior (tentorial)
Structure of Cerebrum
Cortex Basal
Cerebral cortex: Superficial layer of ganglia
grey matter
White matter (WM): Deeper to the WM
cortex, contain axons to and from
the cells of the cortex
Basal ganglia: Number of nuclear
masses buried within the white
matter
Lateral ventricle: The cavity of
hemisphere WM
Lateral
ventricle
Lobes of Cerebrum
The superficial layer of grey matter is highly convoluted to form a complex
pattern of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci). This arrangement maximizes
the surface area of the cerebral cortex (about 70% is hidden within the depths of
sulci).
• Three sulci, consistent in
position, named central, lateral
(sylvian) & parieto-occipital,
divide each hemisphere into
FOUR lobes: Frontal, Parietal, S g
Temporal & Occipital (named
after overlying bones)
Functionally each hemisphere
contains a ‘limbic lobe’ on the
medial surface.
Function of Lobes
reception and
motor function,
evaluation of
motivation,
sensory
aggression,
information
smell and mood
visual processing
emotions,
memory storage
& Linking
conscious
intellectual
functions with
the unconscious
autonomic smell, hearing,
functions, memory and
abstract thought
Frontal lobe: Parietal lobe:
Precentral gyrus. Postcentral gyrus.
Superior & inferior Intraparietal sulcus divide the lobe
frontal sulci divide the into superior & inferior parietal
lobe into superior, lobules.
middle & inferior Precentral
frontal gyri. Postcentral
gyrus gyrus
sfs Superior
parietal lobule
ifs
Inferior
parietal Intraparietal
lobule sulcus
Superior , middle &
inferior frontal gyri
Superior, middle &
inferior temporal gyri
Temporal lobe:
Superior & inferior
temporal sulci giving rise
to superior, middle & sts
inferior temporal gyri. its
Insula: the gyrus in the
insula
depth of lateral fissure,
covered by parts of
frontal, parietal &
temporal lobes called the
opercula (removed in
lower picture.).
Medial Surface
Sulci: Parietooccipital, Calcarine, Cingulate
Gyri: Cingulate, Parahippocampal
Brodmann’s Map
• Brodmann produced a
numbered, cytological
map of cerebral cortex
based upon its regional
histological characteristics
• Subdivisions with similar
cellular and laminar
structure are called 'areas'
• Brodmann's numbering of
these cortical locations
has become one of the
standard ways to identify
brain areas.
Functional Areas
of the
Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobe
Premotor cortex: Located in the
region immediately anterior to the Primary motor cortex: Located in
precentral gyrus (Brodmann area
precentral gyrus (Brodmann’s area 6). 4).
Prefrontal cortex:
Extensive region of the
frontal lobe anterior to
premotor area.
Broca’s (motor
speech) area: Located
in the inferior frontal
gyrus of the dominant
hemisphere, usually left
(Brodmann’s area 44
& 45).
Occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex: located on
the medial surface of the
hemisphere, in the gyri
surrounding the calcarine sulcus
(Brodmann’s area 17).
Parahippocampal gyrus:
located in the inferomedial
part of temporal lobe. Deep to
this gyrus lies the
hippocampus and the
amygdala, which are parts of
limbic system
Language Area
Organized around the lateral
fissure.
Broca’s area: concerned with
expressive aspects of language.
Wernick’s area: responsible
for comprehension of the
spoken words.
Nearby regions of temporal
lobe and parietal lobe (angular
gyrus & supramarginal
gyrus of the inferior parietal
lobule) are important in
naming, reading, writing, and
calculation.
Hemispheric Dominance
The localization of speech
centers & mathematical ability is
the criterion for defining the
dominant cerebral hemisphere.
In 96% of normal right-handed
individuals and 70% of normal
left-handed individuals, the left
hemisphere contains the Verbal Shape
Memory Memory
language centers. These are left
hemisphere dominant.
Cerebral dominance becomes
established during the first few Hemispheres communicate
via the corpus callosum
years after birth.
White Matter
Underlies the cortex, contains nerve fibers, neuroglia cells and blood vessels.
The nerve fibers originate, terminate or sometimes both, within the cortex.
Depending on their origin & termination, these nerve fibers are classified
into three types: Association, Projection & Commissural
P
C
Posterior
forceps
Parts of Corpus Callosum
Genu
Splenium
Body
Rostrum
Anterior Corpus callo
sum
Posterior
commissure: Commissure:
connects the inferior connects the left and
and middle temporal right midbrain.
gyri & the olfactory Important in the
Thalamus
regions of the two bilateral pupillary reflex
hemispheres
Midbrain
Hippocampal
Commissure: connects
the two hippocampi with
each other
Projection Fibers
Connects cerebral cortex to subcortical corona
centres. radiata
Consist of Afferents & Efferents of the
cerebral cortex. Internal
capsule
Deeper to the cortex, these fibers are
arranged radially as the corona radiata.
Then the fibers converge downward, crus
form internal capsule, between cerebri
thalamus and basal ganglia.
Continue in the crus cerebri of the pyramid