Anti Lock Braking System

ANTI LOCK BRAKING
SYSTEM
Introduction
Antilock braking systems (ABSs) are electronic
systems that monitor and control wheel slip during
vehicle braking.
ABSs can improve vehicle control during braking, and

reduce stopping distances on slippery road surfaces by
limiting wheel slip and minimizing lockup.
Reducing wheel slip improves vehicle stability and

control during braking, since stability increases as
wheel slip decreases.
Comparison
Simple hydraulic braking system
A simple braking system
consists of a master
cylinder, and four wheel
cylinders
When the brake pedal is
pressed the piston in the
master cylinder forces the
liquid out of the cylinder.
This liquid presses the
two pistons in the wheel
cylinders outwards. These
two pistons push the
brake shoes out words.
Master cylinder
When the pedal is pressed
the primary piston moves to
the left .
when it crosses the bypass

port the liquid is forced along
the pipe lines to the wheel
cylinders.
When the pedal is released

the primary piston is moved
back wards .it is the spring,
which pushes the piston back
wards
PRNCIPLES OF ABS
The skidding and loss
of control was caused
by the locking of
wheels.
The release and reapply
of the brake pedal will
avoid the locking of the
wheels which in turn
avoid the skidding.
This is exactly what an
antilock braking system
does.
Pressure Modulation
When the brake pedal is pumped or pulsed the
pressure is quickly applied and released at the wheels.
This is called pressure modulation. Pressure
modulation works to prevent the wheel locking.
ABS can modulate the pressure to the brake as often as

15 times per seconds.
ABS precisely controls the slip rate of the wheels to

ensure maximum grip force from the tire and it there
by ensures maneuverability and stability of the vehicle.
SLIP RATE
 During ABS operation,
the target slip rate can
be from 10 to 30%.
 0% slip means the
wheel is rolling freely,
while 100 % means the
wheel is fully locked
 A slip rate of 25 %
means the velocity of a
wheel is 25 % less than
that of a freely rolling
wheel at the same
vehicle speed
ABS COMPONENTS
HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS
1.Accumulator:-
An accumulator is used to store hydraulic fluid to
maintain high pressure in the brake system.
2.Antilock hydraulic control valve assembly :-
This assembly controls the release and application of the
brake system pressure to the wheel brake assemblies .
3.Booster pump:-
The booster pump is used to provide pressurized
hydraulic fluid to ABS.
4.Booster/Master cylinder assembly:-
It is needed to modulate hydraulic pressure in the
wheel circuit during the ABS operations.
5.Fluid accumulator:-
accumulator temporarily stored brake fluid that is
removed from the wheel brake unit during ABS
cycle.
6.Hydraulic control unit:-

The unit may have one pump and one motor or it
have one motor and two pumps.
7.Main Valve:-
This is a two position valve and is open only in the
ABS mode.
8.Modulator unit:-
The modulator unit controls the flow of pressurized
brake fluid to the individual wheel circuits.
9.Solenoid valves:-
The solenoid valves are located in the modulator
unit and are electrically operated by signals from
the control module.
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
1.ABS control module:-
It monitors system operation and controls antilock
function when needed.
2.Brake pedal sensor:-
Its function is to switch on the brake lights to alert other
vehicles that the car is slowing down and/or is going to
stop.
3.Wheel speed sensor:-
These are generally used for sensing the wheel speed.
Types of Anti-lock braking system
 Four channel, four sensor ABS:- This is the best scheme,
there is speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve
for all the four wheels.
 Three channel , three sensor ABS:- This scheme is

commonly found on pick up trucks with four wheels ABS,
has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels,
with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels.
 One channel , one sensor ABS:- it has one valve ,which

controls both rear wheels , and one speed sensor, located in
the rear axle.
Features And Benefits Of ABS
Features Benefits
 Control of steering  Increases steering ability
and vehicle stability during
 Fail-safe
braking
 If the electrical/electronic
electrical/electronic
system system fails, the ABS is shut
off
 Traction control
 It is an optional feature that
controls excessive wheel
spin during acceleration
 ABS Malfunction Indicator Informs the driver or
Lamp technician that an ABS
fault has occured
ADVANCEMENT
AUTOMATIC TRACTION CONTROL

(ATC)
AUTOMATIC STABILITY CONTROL

ATOMATIC TRACTION CONTROL
 Automatic traction
control systems apply
the brakes when a drive
wheel attempts to spin
and lose traction.
 The system works best
when one drive wheel is
working on a good
traction surface and the
other is not.
 The system also works
well when the vehicle is
accelerating on slippery
road surfaces, especially
when climbing hills
ATOMATIC STABILITY CONTROL
Stability control
systems momentarily
apply the brakes at any
one wheel to correct
over steer or under
steer.
The control unit
receives signals from
the typical sensors
plus a yaw, lateral
acceleration (G-force)
and a steering angle
sensor
ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)
ADVANTAGES
It allows the driver to maintain directional stability and
control over steering during braking
Safe and effective
Automatically changes the brake fluid pressure at each

wheel to maintain optimum brake performance.
ABS absorbs the unwanted turbulence shock waves and

modulates the pulses thus permitting the wheel to
continue turning under maximum braking pressure
DISADVANTAGES
It is very costly.
Maintenance cost of a car equipped

with ABS is more.
Conclusion
Statistics show that approximately 40 % of automobile
accidents are due to skidding.
These problems commonly occur on vehicle with

conventional brake system which can be avoided by
adding devices called ABS.
If there is an ABS failure, the system will revert to

normal brake operation. Normally the ABS warning
light will turn on and let the driver know there is a
fault.
REFERANCES:
Prof. Raul. G. Longoria, ME, University of Texas, Austin
http://www.me.utexas.edu/~longoria/VSDC/
. Maruti Suzuki Swift Dzire VXi has hit the roads with
powerful Anti-Lock Braking System, an essential safety
feature.
Maruti Suzuki Swift Dzire VXi by devika rajpali /
Electronics community
. http://autorepair.about.com/od/glossary/a/def_ABS.htm
THANK YOU …

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ANTI LOCK BRAKING

ABSs can improve vehicle control during braking, and

Reducing wheel slip improves vehicle stability and

when it crosses the bypass

When the pedal is released

ABS can modulate the pressure to the brake as often as

ABS precisely controls the slip rate of the wheels to

6.Hydraulic control unit:-

 Three channel , three sensor ABS:- This scheme is

 One channel , one sensor ABS:- it has one valve ,which

AUTOMATIC TRACTION CONTROL

AUTOMATIC STABILITY CONTROL

Safe and effective

Automatically changes the brake fluid pressure at each

ABS absorbs the unwanted turbulence shock waves and

Maintenance cost of a car equipped

These problems commonly occur on vehicle with

If there is an ABS failure, the system will revert to

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