07

.
Core Data
Structures in
Python
What is Data Structure - Agenda
What are data structures?
Why are data structures needed?
Types of data structures in Python
Built-In Data Structures
● Lists
● Tuple
● Sets
● Dictionary
● Frozen Set
data Structure
What is Data
structure?
Data is an important aspect when it comes to programming.

● Data Structure is a primary memory allocation to store,

organize and manage data for efficient access and
modifications.
● The essential constructs that support the development of
your programmes are data structures.
● Depending on your use case, each data structure provides
a unique manner of arranging data so that it may be
accessible quickly.
data Structure
Need for Data structure?

Let us understand through an analogy.

Just imagine the workspace, if it is arranged according to

your work needs, that helps you work faster with ease of
access to all the items.

The same goes to data as well, data needs to be stored

efficiently for the better access and modifications. Data in
the primary memory storage, to organize and manage is
called as data structure.
 Data structures in Python
Data
Structures

Built-in Data User Defined

Structures Data Structures

Tuple Dictionary Stack Tree Hash Map

List Set Frozen Set Linked Graph

Queue
List
Collection Data Type
terminologies

List, Tuple, Set, Dictionary, Frozen sets are

represented technically using the following
terminologies:

● Sequence
● Containers
● Collection

Integers, Like variable. Collection data

strings, Can hold type.
complex Various data Can hold many
numbers. types. data types.
 Array
What is an
Array?
Array Length is 10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A Python Array is a collection of

common types of data structures having
elements with the same data type. It is
First Index used to store collections of data.
Element at
Index 8
Creating Array using array
Module
exampl
e
from array import *
array1 = array('i', [10,20,30,40,50])
for x in array1:
print(x)

Output
10
20
30
40
50
List
What is List?

Lists are similar to dynamic arrays in Python.

● A dynamic array is able to resize and add
elements after declaration. In Python, a list
is a dynamic array.
● The list can contain data of different types.
● The items stored in the list are separated
with a comma (,) and enclosed within
square brackets [].
● A constructor is used to create a list[].
 Creating a List
Example How to create a list?
#creating a list using list()
#constructor A constructor is a special kind of method
that Python calls when it instantiates an
text = "Python"
object using the definitions found in your
print(list(text)) class.

In Python programming, a list is created by

Output placing all the items (elements) inside
['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n'] square brackets [], separated by commas.
 Creating a List
Example

# empty list creation

my_list = [] Output
# list of integers [10, 20, 30]
my_list = [10, 20, 30] [2021, 'Python', 88.9]
print(my_list)
# list with mixed data types
my_list1 = [2021, "Python", 88.9]
print(my_list1)
 Slicing operator
20 40 50 20 100 10 510
Lst[ Initial : End : Increment or Upd
-n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1
With this operator, one can
specify where to start the slicing,
where to end, and specify the
Index -1 represents the last element and -n step.
represents the first element of the list

# Initialize list
Lst = [20, 40, 50, 20, 100, 10, 510]
Output
# Display list
[40, 50, 20, 100]
print(Lst[1:5])
 Slicing operator
20 40 50 20 100 10 510

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Lst[ Initial : End : Increment or Update ]

# Code for accessing the elements from the

last using negative indexing
Output
Lst = [20, 40, 50, 20, 100, 10, 510]
[510, 10, 100, 20]
# Display list
print(Lst[-1:-5:-1])
 Slicing operator
1 hi python 2

Slicing Operator
0 1 2 3
Start:Stop First Index

list1 = [1, "hi", "python", 2] #list index starts with 0 Output

[2]
print ((list1[3:])) #Slicing Operator start:stop
print ((list1[0:2])) #slicing operator will get executed stop- [1, 'hi']
1 (0 to 1)
print ((list1)) #prints the entire list [1, 'hi', 'python', 2]
[1, 'hi', 'python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'python', 2]
print (list1 + list1) #Concatenation
[1, 'hi', 'python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'python', 2, 1,
print (list(list1 * 3)) #Repetition & type conversion 'hi', 'python', 2]
 Difference Between Methods and
Functions Functio
Method
n

Python is object oriented programming It is a group of statements capable of

language. It supports, classes, objects and performing some tasks.
methods.
A function in a program can take
Methods are associated with the objects of arguments (that is, the data to operate
the class they belong to. Functions are not on) and can optionally return some
associated with any object. data after performing the intended
task.
Methods is associated with an object.

We call a method on an object using the dot

operator.
 List Methods and Functions

Method Meaning

append() Adds an element at the end of the list

clear() Removes all the elements from the list

copy() Returns a copy of the list

extend() Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to the end of the current list

count() Returns the number of elements with the specified value

 List Methods and Functions
Method Meaning

index() Returns the index of the first element with the specified value

insert() Adds an element at the specified position

pop() Removes the element at the specified position

remove() Removes the first item with the specified value

sort() Sorts the list

reverse() Reverses the order of the list

 List Methods and Functions

Method Meaning

max() return maximum element of given list

min() return minimum element of given list

len() Returns length of the list or size of the list

concatenate(+) Merges two lists and returns a single list.

Allows multiplying the list n times. The resultant list is the

repetition/ iteration(*)
original list iterate n times.
Lms activity
Tuple
What is tuple?

Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable
or immutable.

● Tuples are written with parentheses.

● Since tuples are indexed, they can have items with
the same value
● Tuples are ordered, it means that the items have a
defined order, and that order will not change.
● A tuple can contain different data types
● It is also possible to use the tuple() constructor to
make a tuple.
 Tuple
exampl
e
To create a tuple with only one item, you have to add a Output
comma after the item, otherwise Python will not recognize it
as a tuple. <class 'tuple'>
thistuple = ("apple",)
print(type(thistuple))

Using the tuple() method to make a tuple:

Output
thistuple = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) #note
('apple', 'banana',
the double round-brackets
'cherry')
print(thistuple)
 Tuple Operations
Operations Description Examples
Creating the tuple with
Creating a tuple elements of different data types. a =(20,40,60,"apple","ball")
Accessing the item in the print(a[0])
position 0 20
Indexing Accessing the item in the print(a [2])
position 2 60
print(a[1:3])
Slicing Displaying items from 1st till 2nd.
(40,60)
b=(2,4)
Adding tuple elements at the end of
Concatenation print(a+b)
another tuple elements
(20,40,60,"apple","ball",2,4)
print(b*2)
Repetition Repeating the tuple n no. of times
(2,4,2,4)
 Tuple Operations
Operations Description Examples
a=(2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
5 in a
Returns True if element is present in the True
Membership 100 in a
tuple. Otherwise returns false.
False
2 not in a
False
a=(2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
b=(2,3,4)
a==b
Returns True if all elements in both False
Comparison elements are same. a!=b
True
 Tuple Methods & Functions
Methods/Functions Description Example

a=(l,2,3,4,5)
Returns the index of the first
a.index(tuple) a.index(5)
matched item.
4
a=(l,2,3,4,5)
Returns the count of the given
a.count(tuple) a.count(3)
element.
1
len(a)
len(tuple) Returns the length of the tuple
5
 Tuple Methods & Functions
Methods/Functions Description Example

returns the minimum min (a)

min(tuple)
element in a tuple 1

returns the maximum max(a)

max(tuple)
element in a tuple 5

del(a)
del(tuple) Deletes the entire tuple.
 Tuple
exampl
e
Example for Tuple method
#Counting the number of elements in a tuple
a=(3,2,1,3,4,5) Output: 2
a.count(3)
Lms activity
 Set
What IS set?

Sets are used to store multiple items in a single

variable.
● A set is a collection which is both unordered
and unindexed.
● Set items are unordered, changeable, and do
not allow duplicate values.

Sets are written with curly

brackets.
set
Advantages of set

The main advantage of using a set over a list is

that it has a highly optimised way for detecting
whether a certain member is in the set. This is
based on a hash table, which is a type of data
structure. We can't use indexes to access items
in sets because they're not arranged like lists.
 Set Methods
Method Meaning

add() Adds an element to the set

clear() Removes all the elements from the set

copy() Returns a copy of the set

difference() Returns a set containing the difference between two or more sets

Removes the items in this set that are also included in another,
difference_update()
specified set
 Set Methods
Method Meaning

intersection() Returns a set, that is the intersection of two or more sets

Removes the items in this set that are not present in other,
intersection_update()
specified set(s)

isdisjoint() Returns whether two sets have a intersection or not

issubset() Returns whether another set contains this set or not

issuperset() Returns whether this set contains another set or not

 Set Methods

Method Meaning

Returns a set with the symmetric differences of two

symmetric_difference()
sets
inserts the symmetric differences from this set and
symmetric_difference_update()
another
 Set
exampl
e
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} #Set Eliminates the duplication
print(A) A = {4, 5 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

print(A)

Output Output
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Lms activity
Dictionary
What is Dictionary?

● Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have

keys and values.
● Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value
pairs.
● A dictionary is a collection which is ordered,
changeable and does not allow duplicates.
● As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In
Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries are unordered.
Dictionary
What is Dictionary?

Values in a dictionary can be of any datatype and can be

duplicated, whereas keys can’t be repeated and must be
immutable.

JavaScript Object Notation: JSON is mostly used model for

data exchange over the internet. Dictionary data structure is
useful to handle JSON data.
● Mutable, Dynamic. They can grow and shrink as
needed.
● Nested. A list can contain another list. A dictionary can
contain another dictionary. A dictionary can also
contain a list, and vice versa.
 Dictionary Operations
List elements are accessed by their position in
the list, via indexing.
Dictionary elements are accessed via keys.

exampl
e
#Program for personal details
P_D = {“Name”:”Karan”, “Age”:24, “City”:”Delhi”, “Height”: 5.8}
print(P_D)

Output
{'Name': 'Karan', 'Age': 24, 'City': 'Delhi', 'Height': 5.8}
 Dictionary Methods

Method Meaning

clear() Removes all the elements from the dictionary

copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary

fromkeys() Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and value

values() Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary

get() Returns the value of the specified key

 Dictionary Methods

Method Meaning

items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair

keys() Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys

pop() Removes the element with the specified key

popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair

update() Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs

 Dictionary Methods
exampl
e
dict = {'Name': 'Jenifer', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'Second'}
print(dict)
Output
dict['Age'] = 8; # update existing entry
{'Name': 'Jenifer', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'Second'}
print(dict) {'Name': 'Jenifer', 'Age': 8, 'Class': 'Second'}
dict['School'] = "DPS School"; # Add new entry {'Name': 'Jenifer', 'Age': 8, 'Class': 'Second',
print(dict) 'School': 'DPS School'}
{'Age': 8, 'Class': 'Second', 'School': 'DPS
del dict['Name'] # remove entry with key 'Name'
School'}
print(dict) {}
dict.clear() # remove all entries in dict <class 'dict'>
print(dict)
del dict # delete entire dictionary'
print(dict)
 Dictionary Functions
Function Meaning

cmp(dict1, dict2) Compares elements of both dict.

Gives the total length of the dictionary. This would be equal to the
len(dict)
number of items in the dictionary.

str(dict) Produces a printable string representation of a dictionary

Returns the type of the passed variable. If the passed variable is a

type(variable)
dictionary, then it would return a dictionary type.
Lms activity
Frozen set
What is Frozen Set?

Freeze the list, and make it unchangeable.

The frozenset() function returns an unchangeable
frozenset object (which is like a set object, only
unchangeable).

Example
mylist = ['Python', 'Java', 'Julia']
x = frozenset(mylist)

Output
frozenset({'Julia', 'Java', 'Python'})
 Frozen Set
If you try to add an element to a frozen set, you will get an error.

exampl
# tuple of vowels e
vowels = ('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u')
Output
fSet = frozenset(vowels)
The frozen set is: frozenset({'e', 'i',
print('The frozen set is:', fSet)
print('The empty frozen set is:', 'a', 'o', 'u'})
frozenset()) The empty frozen set is: frozenset()

# frozensets are immutable

fSet.add('v')
Frozen Set Operations

Like normal sets, frozenset can also perform different

operations like copy, difference, intersection,
symmetric_difference, and union
Similarly, other set methods like isdisjoint, issubset,
and issuperset are also available.
 Frozen Set Operations
exampl
e
# Frozensets
Output
# initialize A and B frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4})
A = frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4])
B = frozenset([3, 4, 5, 6])

# copying a frozenset
C = A.copy() # Output: frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4})
print(C)
Output
# union frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6})
print(A.union(B))
 Frozen Set Operations
exampl
e
# intersection Output
frozenset({3, 4})
print(A.intersection(B))

# difference Output
print(A.difference(B)) frozenset({1, 2,})

# symmetric_difference
Output
print(A.symmetric_difference(B)) frozenset({1, 2, 5, 6})
 Frozen Set Operations
exampl
# Frozensets
e
# initialize A, B and C Output
# issubset() method
A = frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4]) True
print(C.issubset(B))
B = frozenset([3, 4, 5, 6])
C = frozenset([5, 6])

# isdisjoint() method # issuperset() method Output

True
print(A.isdisjoint(C)) print(B.issuperset(C))

Output
True