This document summarizes acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ACS is an umbrella term for conditions caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction. It discusses risk factors, symptoms, differences between men and women, pathophysiology involving plaque rupture, and treatment protocols like the "CHESTPAIN" protocol for patients experiencing chest pain which involves notifying rapid response, performing an EKG and labs, giving nitroglycerin, and notifying physicians. Worldwide statistics are also presented on ACS incidence and outcomes.
This document summarizes acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ACS is an umbrella term for conditions caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction. It discusses risk factors, symptoms, differences between men and women, pathophysiology involving plaque rupture, and treatment protocols like the "CHESTPAIN" protocol for patients experiencing chest pain which involves notifying rapid response, performing an EKG and labs, giving nitroglycerin, and notifying physicians. Worldwide statistics are also presented on ACS incidence and outcomes.
This document summarizes acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ACS is an umbrella term for conditions caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction. It discusses risk factors, symptoms, differences between men and women, pathophysiology involving plaque rupture, and treatment protocols like the "CHESTPAIN" protocol for patients experiencing chest pain which involves notifying rapid response, performing an EKG and labs, giving nitroglycerin, and notifying physicians. Worldwide statistics are also presented on ACS incidence and outcomes.
This document summarizes acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ACS is an umbrella term for conditions caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction. It discusses risk factors, symptoms, differences between men and women, pathophysiology involving plaque rupture, and treatment protocols like the "CHESTPAIN" protocol for patients experiencing chest pain which involves notifying rapid response, performing an EKG and labs, giving nitroglycerin, and notifying physicians. Worldwide statistics are also presented on ACS incidence and outcomes.
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Acute Coronary
Syndrome Prepared by
• Mr/ Ehab Taha
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
• Definition of ACS • Signs and symptoms of ACS • Gender and age related difference in ACS • Pathophysiology of ACS • Treatment of ACS • Protocol “For the Patient Experiencing Chest Pain” Worldwide Statistics Each year: • > 4 million patients are admitted with unstable angina and acute MI • > 900,000 patients undergo PTCA with or without stent • From 1 to 4 percent of patients ultimately proven to have acute coronary syndrome are sent home from the emergency department. • Only about 2 percent of patients with cocaine- associated chest pain have acute coronary syndrome. What is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) ? Umbrella term used to cover a group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia
• Stable Angina (chest pain with activity)
• Unstable Angina (Chest pain with activity or rest) • Myocardial Infarction with positive EKG (ST elevation MI – STEMI) • Myocardial Infarction with normal EKG (Non-ST segment elevation MI – non-STEMI) Acute Coronary Syndrome Ischemic Discomfort History Unstable Symptoms Physical Exam
No ST-segment ST-segment ECG elevation elevation
Acute
Reperfusion Unstable Non-Q Q-Wave
angina AMI AMI
What happens during ACS? Atherosclerotic plaque ruptures and precipitates thrombus formation Acute Coronary Syndrome Risk Factors for ACS • History of CAD • Diabetes • Family history of CAD • Smoking • High blood pressure • Overweight • Age: • High Men > 33 yrs old Cholesterol Women > 40 yrs old • Menopausal • No exercise • Blood vessel disease Symptoms of ACS • Chest pain or chest discomfort • Indigestion • Fainting • Nausea and vomiting • Pain in arms, shoulders, neck, back or jaw • Pain in abdomen • Shortness of breath • Sweating • Weakness Gender Differences in ACS Women verses Men • Women are usually older and with more co-morbidities, such diabetes and hypertension when ACS occurs • Women may have atypical chest pain • Women have more shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, back and neck discomfort than men Gender Differences (con’t) • Women seek medical care later than men • Women seem to be evaluated less intensively than men • Stress testing is less specific in women than men, with higher false positives in women Diabetes and ACS • Patients are older, more often women • Patients are at increased risk for heart / renal failure, cardiogenic shock and death • Pain perception may be altered due to neuropathy Treatment of ACS Medical Management of ACS What if your patient has Chest Pain? Inpatient
• Stay at the patient’s bedside and
summons help • Assess patient and vital signs • Implement the protocol, “For the Patient Experiencing Chest Pain” For The Patient Experiencing Chest Pain [CHESTPAIN] Protocol 1. Notify Rapid Response team by calling 8263. 2. STAT EKG, CK Total, CKMB, Troponin1. 3. Saline lock if no IV access. 4. After EKG obtained, NTG 0.4 mg SL q5 minutes up to 3 tabs prn for chest pain. Hold if systolic B/P <100. 5. Nasal O2 at 2LPM, titrate to keep O2 saturation 90% or greater. 6. Notify physician of current assessment, vital signs and above actions taken. Have patient chart, current medication list and labs available when calling physician. 7. Nurse should not delay calling the attending physician because of waiting on lab results. Any questions?
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