9 - Emissions and Controls
9 - Emissions and Controls
9 - Emissions and Controls
& Controls
Emission sources in a gasoline fuelled car
Emission sources in a diesel engine powered Vehicle
The Unreasonable
Interaction with
Environment
4
Engine Emissions Vs Combustion Strategy
5
Emission norms for passenger cars ( Petrol)
Norms CO HC Nox PM
(g/kwhr) (g/kwhr) (g/kwhr) (g/kwhr)
Exhaust
Exhaust valve
valve closes
opens
BC TC
Hydrocarbon Emission Sources for SI Engines
There are six primary Sources believed to be responsible for
hydrocarbon emissions:
% fuel escaping
Source normal combustion % HC emissions
Crevices 5.2 38
Oil layers 1.0 16
Deposits 1.0 16
Liquid fuel 1.2 20
Flame quench 0.5 5
Exhaust valve leakage 0.1 5
Total 9.0 100
d HC 15 18735 p
6.7 10 exp xˆ HC xˆO2
dt T RT
Heat Transfer from Cylinder
Q Tgas Tcoolant
q
A 1 x 1
hg k hc
Coolant Temperature Vs HC Emissions
14
Ignition Timing Vs HC Emissions
Effect of Misfiring on HC Emissions
Analysis of HC Emissions
Formation of CO in IC Engines
• Formation of CO is well established.
• Locally, there may not be enough O2 available for complete
oxidation and some of the carbon in the fuel ends up as CO.
• The amount of CO, for a range of fuel composition and C/H ratios,
is a function of the relative air-fuel ratio.
• Even at sufficient oxygen level, high peak temperatures can cause
dissociation.
• Conversion of CO to CO2 is governed by reaction
CO OH CO2 H
• Dissociated CO may freeze during the expansion stroke.
Any carbon not oxidized in the cylinder ends up as soot in the exhaust!
23
Analysis of NOx Emissions
NOx Formation in I.C. Engines
Three chemical reactions form the Zeldovich reaction are:
0.6
d NO
dt
1.0
1.2
T, K
27
Effect of Equivalence Ratio on NO Concentration
28
Emissions Control
• Three basic methods used to control engine emissions:
• 1)Engineering of combustion process -advances in fuel
injectors, oxygen sensors, and on-board computers.
• 2) Optimizing the choice of operating parameters -two Nox
control measures that have been used in automobile engines
are spark retard and EGR.
• 3) After treatment devices in the exhaust system -catalytic
converter.
29
Anatomy of Catalytic Converter for SI Engines
•All catalytic converters are built in a honeycomb or pellet geometry
to expose the exhaust gases to a large surface made of one or more
noble metals: platinum, palladium and rhodium.
•Rhodium used to remove NO and platinum used to remove HC and
CO.
Lead and sulfur in the exhaust gas severely inhibit the operation
of a catalytic converter (poison). 30
Three-way Catalytic Converter
•A catalyst forces a reaction at a temperature lower than normally
occurs.
•As the exhaust gases flow through the catalyst, the NO reacts with
the CO, HC and H2 via a reduction reaction on the catalyst surface.
• NO+CO→½N2+CO2 , NO+H2 → ½N2+H2O, and others
•The remaining CO and HC are removed through an oxidation
reaction forming CO2 and H2O products (air added to exhaust after
exhaust valve).
•A three-way catalysts will function correctly only if the exhaust gas
composition corresponds to nearly (±1%) stoichiometric combustion.
• If the exhaust is too lean – NO is not destroyed
• If the exhaust is too rich – CO and HC are not destroyed
•A closed-loop control system with an oxygen sensor in the exhaust is
used to A/F ratio and used to adjust the fuel injector so that the A/F
ratio is near stoichiometric. 31
Effect of Mixture Composition