Authors:

EDERLINA D. BALEÑA
DOLORES M. LUCERO
ARNEL M. PERALTA
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
KINSHIP,
MARRIAGE, AND
THE HOUSEHOLD
 KINSHIP
refers to the web of social
relationships that form
an essential part of the
lives of most humans in
most societies.
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
Family
it is the basic social
institution and the
primary group in society.
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
Family
Murdock (1949, p. 1) defines family as a
social group characterized by common
residence, economic cooperation, and
reproduction.
It includes adult of both sexes, at least
whom maintain socially approved sexual
relationship and of one or two children.
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
Family
Burgess and Locke (1963, p. 2) defines family as
a group of persons united by ties of marriage,
blood or adoption, constituting a single
household, interacting and communicating
with each other in their respective social roles
of husband and wife, mother and father, son
and daughter, brother and sister and creating
and maintaining a common culture.
DESCENT AND MARRIAGE
Descent
refers to the origin or
background of a person in
terms of family or
nationality.
DESCENT AND MARRIAGE

Descent Group
is a social group whose
members have
common ancestry.
DESCENT AND MARRIAGE

Unilineal society
is one in which the descent
of an individual is reckon
together on either from the
mother’s or father’s line of
descent.
DESCENT AND MARRIAGE

Matrilineal descent
Individuals belong to their mother’s descent
group. Includes mother’s bother, who is in
some societies may pass along inheritance to
the sister’s children or succession to a sister’s
son.

Patrilineal descent
Individuals belong to their father’s descent.
DESCENT AND MARRIAGE
Marriage
is an institution consisting of a
cluster of mores and
folkways, attitudes, ideas, and
ideals of social definitions and
legal restrictions.
DESCENT AND MARRIAGE

Marriage
According to Bowman (1970 p. 72),
people marry for combined reasons:
love, economic, and emotional
securities, the parent’s desires,
escapes from solitude, money,
companionship, protection, adventure,
or common interests.
 Marriage
FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

In August 3, 1988, the Family Code of

the Philippines took effect. It defines
marriage as a special contract of
permanent union between a man or a
woman entered into in accordance
with law for the establishment of
conjugal and family life.
 Marriage
THE NEW FAMILY CODE
The new Family Code has two aspects
for marriage:
1. As a contract, it applies to a man and woman only.
It is permanent and the law also prescribes penal
and civil sanctions for adultery and concubinage.
2. As a status, once the contract of marriage is legal,
the status of being married is created between
parties.
 Marriage
Any couple who wants to get married legally
should possess the following requirements:

– Legal capacity of the contracting parties must be a

female and male, consent freely given in the
presence of the solemnizing officer.
– Minimum age for marriage is 18 yeas but parental
consent is necessary for those below 21 years.
– The official requisites of marriage are the authority
of the solemnizing officer.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Forms of Marriage
The form of marriage practice in
a society affects the structure of
the family’s larger kinship
group. The accepted form may
be either monogamous or
polygamous.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Monogamy
allows or permits a man to
take only one spouse at a time.
It has advantage and emotional
tensions.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Polygamy
a form of plural marriage and
can assume three forms:
polygyny, polyandry, and
group marriage.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Polygamy
Polygyny – a marriage of one man to
two or more women at the same time.
(e.g.: Muslims)

Polyandry – a marriage of a woman to

two or more men at the same time.
(e.g.: Indian women are allowed to marry two or more men.)
 KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Selection of Marriage Partners
Endogamy – it is the norm which dictates that
one should marry within one’s clan or ethnic
group.
Exogamy – prescribes that one can marry
outside one’s clan or ethnic group.

Note: Some societies observed the norms, levirate and surrogate.

• levirate norms – prescribes that a widow marry the brother or the nearest kin of the deceased
husband.
• surrogate norms – prescribe that men should marry the sister or the nearest kin of the late wife.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Family structures
 Family orientation: family into which one is
born, reared and socialized. It consists of
mother, father, siblings.
 Family of procreation is the family
established by marriage and consists of a
husband, a wife and their children.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Family structures
 Nuclear family: smallest unit responsible for
the preservation of the value system of the
society. Its duty is to see that members are
socialized into the basic value system of the
society.
 Extended family: is composed of two or more
nuclear families, economically and socially
related to each other.
(examples on the next slide)
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Family structures
 Extended family
The extension may be through-
1. parent-child relationship, when the unmarried and
married children with their families live with the
parents.
2. The husband and wife relationship, as in polygamous
marriage. Here, the man keeps a number of nuclear
families and unites them under a larger family group.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Family structures
Murdock (1949, p. 3940) distinguishes two types
of family structures corresponding to the
nuclear and extended families.
• The conjugal family which is made up of the spouses and their
underage children whose ties to relatives are voluntarily and
is based on emotional bonds.
• The consanguine family which consists o0f the nuclear family
and their relatives who are living together under one roof.
Blood relationships formed during childhood are emphasized.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Family structures :(advantage & disadvantage)
 Nuclear family - advantages of this type of family are:
(1) it emphasizes strong allegiance to the members,
independent residence, romantic love, and sexual attraction.
(2) the members tend to imbued with the values of
independence, initiative and self-reliance.
 Disadvantage is the danger that the children may develop
emotional problems due to excessive child-centeredness of the
family and attentiveness of the parents to them. In crises like
deaths, separation divorce and desertion, the members feel the
impact of the strain severely. Children can be adversely
affected by such crises.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Family structures :(advantage & disadvantage)
 Extended family - advantages of this type of family are:
(1) its possible to withstand the stresses and strains in life.
(2) the children learn to cooperate at an early age.
(3) a variety of protection is afforded to its members and the
aged can rely on the younger members to take care of them.
 Disadvantage is the children overly dependent on relatives.
It suppresses the development of self-reliance, initiative and
independence. The wide range of kin relationship may result in
the confusion of values and norms.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Family structures :(advantage & disadvantage)
 Extended family - advantages of this type of family are:
(1) its possible to withstand the stresses and strains in
life.
(2) the children learn to cooperate at an early age.
(3) a variety of protection is afforded to its members and
the aged can rely on the younger members to take care
of them.
 Disadvantage is the children overly dependent on
relatives. It suppresses the development of self-reliance,
initiative and independence. The wide range of kin
relationship may result in the confusion of values and norms.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Based on Descent
 Patrilineal descent – affiliates a person with a group of
relatives through his father. One’s relationship with
mother’s kin is excellent, but when the children finds it
necessary to ask any support, he turns to his father’s kin.
 Matrilineal descent - affiliates a person with a group of
relatives through his mother. One’s relationship with
father’s kin is excellent, but when the children finds it
necessary to ask any support, he turns to his mother’s kin.
 Bilateral descent - affiliates a person with a group of
relatives through either his father or mother.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Based on Residence
 Patrilocal residence – newly married couple live with or
near the groom’s family.
 Matrilocal residence - newly married couple live with or
near the bride’s family.
 Bilocal residence – a choice whether the newly married
couple will live with or near the groom’s or bride’s family;
depending on the factors.
 Neolocal residence – a newly married couple resides
independently.
 Avuncolocal residence – reside with or near the maternal
uncle of the groom. This residence is very rare.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Based on Authority
 Patriarchal – the authority is vested in the eldest
male in the family, often the father.
 Matriarchal – the authority is vested in the
mother or mother’s kin.
 Egalitarian – both husband and wife share the
degree of authority.
 Matricentric – authority that is usually found in
places where the father commutes and is out for
the greater part of the day.
FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
1. Regulates sexual behavior and is the
unit of reproduction.
2. Biological maintenance.
3. Chief agency of socializing the child.
4. Gives it members status.
5. Important mechanism for social control.
6. Performs economic functions, especially
in the simple societies.
POLITICS OF
KINSHIP
POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

Political dynasties
refers to the families whose
members are involved
with politics.
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)
 In the Philippines, political dynasties
can be seen in families that have been
part of the government for several
generations. This can occur in two
ways:
1. Members of a family to occupy a certain
government position in every term.
2. A number of a family members to occupy
government at the same time.
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

 Philippine Laws:
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
states in Article II, Section 6,

“The State shall guarantee equal access to

opportunities for public service, and prohibit
political dynasties as may be defined by law.”
POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

 Philippine Laws:
Despite of this provision in the
Constitution, no laws has been passed
nor any actions has been made
regarding the prohibition of political
dynasties.
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

 Philippine Laws:
R.A. 7160 or the Local Government Code,
Book I, Chapter 1, Section 43-

• States that the term limit of any local

government official but does not include
any limitations in terms of family
relations:
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

 Philippine Laws:
R.A. 7160 or the Local Government Code,
Book I, Chapter 1, Section 43-
a. The term of office of all elective officials
elected after the effectivity of this Code
shall be three (3) years starting … such
date as may be provided for by law,
except of elective barangay officials …
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

 Philippine Laws:
R.A. 7160 or the Local Government Code,
Book I, Chapter 1, Section 43-
b. No local elective official shall serve for
more than three (3) consecutive years terms
in the same position …
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

 Philippine Laws:
R.A. 7160 or the Local Government Code,
Book I, Chapter 1, Section 43-
c. The term of office of barangay officials
and members of the sangguniang kabataan
shall be for three (3) years, which shall
begin after the regular election of barangay
officials …
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

 Philippine Laws:
Anti-Dynasty Bill
Several bills have been filed in relation to
the prohibition of political dynasties, but this
bill has been passed over by each Congress
since 1987.
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

 Carnegie Effect:
• Named after Andrew Carnegie. It is based
on Carnegie’s decision to give all his
wealth to non-family members.
• Carnegie believed that his son might have
less incentive of working hard if he were
to be assured of his father’s wealth.
• This disincentive happens among dynastic
politicians.
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

 Political dynasty :(advantage and disadvantage)

• Advantage:
statistically higher probability to win
elections as compared to no-dynastic
politicians.
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)
 Political dynasty :(advantage and disadvantage)
• Disadvantage:
1. Dynastic politician also have generally lower educational
attainment which is inversely related to their rank in their
political dynasties.
2. Allegedly, political dynasties have economic power along with
the political power while their relatives are in the office.
3. Political dynasties may restrict significant change to the system
of the government unit.
4. Political dynasties also prevents new candidates fro occupying
new seats of power; leading to less new ideas and platforms
to work with.
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

Political alliance
• An agreement for cooperation between
different political parties on common
political agenda.
• They intend to mutually benefit for the
alliance by collectively clearing election
thresholds, taking advantage of the voting
system or forming a government after
elections.
 POLITICS OF KINSHIP (POLITICAL
DYNASTY, ALLIANCES)

Political alliance
• Also referred to as political coalition
or political bloc.
• A coalition government is formed when
a political alliance comes to power, or
when only a plurality (not majority)
has been reached and several parties
must work together to govern.
POLITICAL AND
LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES
 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES
 Political Organization
• The government or the political
institution is another institution that is
universal.
• Political institution is defined as the
system of norms, values, and roles
responsible for maintaining social
order in the society.
 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES
 Political Organization
The following are the aspects on
maintaining social order:
1. Creating formal norms – the political
institution that has created formal norms
or laws that guide our behavior. There
three types of laws depending on their
origins: constitutional, statutory and
common laws.
 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES
 Constitutional Laws – These are formalized
norms that emerge in the constitution, the
written plan of any government.
 Statutory Laws – Laws that have been enacted
by a legislative body of the government like the
Congress and City councils. (e.g.: curfew hour for minors)
 Common Laws - unwritten laws built over a
centuries local custom and precedent and further
development by judicial decisions. They are not
permanent.
 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES
 Political Organization
2. Applying sanctions – the responsibility of a
political institution to apply sanction to those
who fail to follow or obey certain norms.

3. Settling disputes among individuals – the

responsibility of political institution;
e.g.: You filed a case on court to someone you
believed that committed a crime. A judge will
decide on the validity of a case.
 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES
3. Settling disputes among individuals –
types of disputes:
i. Inheritance;
ii. Divorce;
iii. Property rights;
iv. Personal liability; and
v. Bankruptcy.
 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES
4. Settling disputes between nations –
this is done to evade war between
nations. When two nations fail to
settle their dispute, one or both of
them may bring the case to an
international body.
(e.g.: Philippines and China: Philippines filed a case
to the Permanent Court of Arbitration under UN)
POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES

BAND
Usually a very small group that is
connected by family ties and is
politically independent.
Oftentimes they are nomadic, and
are most often made up of
hunter-gatherers.
 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES

TRIBES
More complex than the band. Tribes
happen to have a leader. Most
tribal societies are still essentially
egalitarian in that no family or
residential group is politically or
economically superior to others.
 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES

CHIEFDOMS
Similar to bands and tribes in being
a classless society. However,
Chiefdoms has a temporary leader
(or permanent) with real authority
to make just and major decisions
for their societies.
POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES

STATES
Large scale intensive
agriculture. More
centralized and
authoritarian.
 STATES
high
Elite headed by a king
Political
power
and wealth Craftsmen, traders,
and bureaucrats

Farmers/
Commoners
AUTHORITY AND
LEGITIMACY
 AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

AUTHORITY
According to Max Weber there are three types of
authorities: traditional, charismatic and legal-
rational.
1. Traditional authority – sanctity of tradition. The
ability and right to rule is passed down, often
through heredity. It is typically embodied by
feudalism or patrimonialism.
Weber states: “The creation of new law opposite traditional norms
is deemed impossible in principle.”
 AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

2. Charismatic authority – this is found on

a leader whose mission and vision is to
inspire others. It is often the most
lasting of regimes because the leader is
seen as infallible and any action
against him will be seen as a crime
against the state.
 AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

3. Legal-rational authority – a formalistic

belief in the content of the law (legal)
and natural law (rationality). Weber’s
best example for legal-rational
authority is bureaucracy (political or
economic). This authority is frequently
found in the modern state, city
governments, private and pubic
corporations, etc.
 AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

LEGITIMACY
• In political science, legitimacy is the popular
acceptance of the authority.
• In moral philosophy, the tern “legitimacy” is
often positively interpreted as the normative
status conferred by a governed people.

Note: Political legitimacy is considered a basic condition for governing. Without this, a
government will suffer legislative deadlocks and collapse.
 AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

TYPES OF LEGITIMACY
• Traditional legitimacy: societal customs and habits that
emphasize the history of the authority.
• Rational-legal legitimacy: a system of institutional
procedure. The government institutions establish and
enforce law and order in the public interest.
• Charismatic legitimacy: from the ideas and personal
charisma of the leader, a person whose authoritative
persona charms and psychologically dominates the
people of the society to agree with the government’s
regime and rule.
AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

SOURCES OF LEGITIMACY
Max Weber proposed that
societies behave cyclically in
governing themselves with
different types of governmental
legitimacy.
AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

SOURCES OF LEGITIMACY
Mattei Dogan, a French political scientist
interpreted Weber’s types of political
legitimacy that they are conceptually
insufficient to comprehend the complex
relationships that constitute a legitimate
political system in the 21st century.
 FORMS OF LEGITIMATE
GOVERNMENT
• Communism
– The legitimacy of a Communist state
derives from having won a civil war, a
revolution pr from having won an election.
• Constitutionalism
– Popular belief and acceptance that the
actions of the government are legitimate
because they abide by the law codified
by the political constitution.
 FORMS OF LEGITIMATE
GOVERNMENT
• Democracy
– Popular perception that the elected government abides the
democratic principles in governing and is legally
accountable to its people.
• Fascism
– Political legitimacy upon the arguments of traditional
authority. Headed by a dictator which the government
doesn’t permit oppositions.
• Monarchy
– The divine right of kings establishes the political legitimacy
of the rule of monarch. Popular perception and acceptance
of the monarch as the rightful ruler of a nation and country.
ECONOMIC
INSTITUTIONS
 ECONOMIC
INSTITUTIONS

Provides the distribution of

goods and services to the
members of the society.
 RECIPROCITY
(CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY)
Refers to the non-market
exchange of goods or labor
ranging from direct barter
to forms of gift exchange
where a return is eventually
expected.
*immediate exchange
 TRANSFER
A change of ownership of
an asset or a movement
of funds and/or assets
from one account to
another.
 REDISTRIBUTION
(CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY)
A system of economic exchange
involving the centralized
collection of goods from
members of a group followed
by the distribution of those
goods among its members.
MARKET TRANSACTIONS
The exchange of goods and
services through market. It
provides basic data used by
National Economic
Development Authority to
begin the estimation on GDP.
 MARKET
An actual or nominal place
where forces of demand and
supply operate and where
buyers and sellers interact to
trade goods, services or
contracts or instruments for
money or barter.
 MARKET
Markets includes mechanisms or means for:
1. communicating the price information
2. Determining price of the trade item
3. Facilitating deals and transactions; and
4. Effecting distribution.
 STATE
An organized political
community living under a
single system of
government.
 NON-STATE
INSTITUTIONS

Establishments which are

not owned and controlled
by the government.
 BANKS AND
CORPORATION
Banks are places or institutions where people
place or deposits their money or savings.
Banks plays an important role as an intermediary in the
financial system. There are three main functions of
banks.
1. Banks are depository savings.
2. They are largely responsible for the payments system.
Banks are processing more card payments, transfers
and direct debits, etc.
3. Banks issue loans to both people and companies.
 BANKS AND
CORPORATION
Corporation is a company or group of people
authorized to act as a single entity and
recognized as such in law. It is a legal entity
created under state law and is designed to
generate a profit.
Corporation come in many different types but are
usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where
they are chartered into two kinds:
1. Whether or not they can issue stock
2. Whether or not they are for profit.
 BANKS AND
CORPORATION
Corporation is a company or group of people
authorized to act as a single entity and
recognized as such in law. It is a legal entity
created under state law and is designed to
generate a profit.
Corporation come in many different types but are
usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where
they are chartered into two kinds:
1. Whether or not they can issue stock
2. Whether or not they are for profit.
 COOPERATIVES AND
TRADE UNIONS
Cooperative is a legal entity owned and
democratically controlled by its members .

Cooperative plays a crucial role in building

a community wealth for several key
reasons:
1. They often provide quality goods and
services to areas that have been shunned
by traditional businesses.
 COOPERATIVES AND
TRADE UNIONS
2. They typically invest in the local communities.
3. Business profits remain and circulate within the
community.
4. Cooperative membership builds social
networks and strengthens social cohesions.
5. Purchasing cooperatives help small local
businesses to remain competitive within large
markets.
6. Worker cooperatives create quality and
empowering jobs for community members.
 COOPERATIVES AND
TRADE UNIONS
7. Cooperatives typically based on the cooperative
values of “self-help, self-responsibility, democracy
and equality, equity and solidarity” and the
seven cooperative principles:

1. Voluntary and open membership

2. Democratic member control
3. Economic participation by members
4. Autonomy and independence
5. Education, training and information
6. Cooperation among cooperatives
7. Concern for community.
 COOPERATIVES AND
TRADE UNIONS
Trade union is an organization
whose members consists of
workers and union leader,
united to protect and promote
their common interest.
 COOPERATIVES AND
TRADE UNIONS
Trade union may be:
1. A company that represents interests of only one
company and may not have any connections with
other unions. (House union)
2. A general union that represents wo0rkers from
several companies in the same industry. (Industrial
union)
3. A craft union that represents skilled workers in a
particular field.
 COOPERATIVES AND
TRADE UNIONS
Trade Union of the Philippines
• The biggest confederation of labor federations
in the Philippines which saw the necessity and
importance of uniting themselves into a strong
and dynamic labor center.
• They are composed of all sectors and
industries including the government
employees and members coming from
associations of groups from the OFWs.
 TRANSITIONAL
ADVOCACY GROUPS
• These are fluid and open
relationships among
knowledgeable, committed actors
(individuals and organization).
• Their goal is to give otherwise
powerless constituencies a voice in
domestic and international
lawmaking.
 TRANSITIONAL
ADVOCACY GROUPS
• Example of the kinds of issues that
motivate advocacy networks includes:
1. Human rights
2. Consumer rights
3. Women’s rights
4. Environmental issues
5. International peace.
 IMPORTANCE OF TRANSITIONAL
ADVOCACY GROUPS
• They campaign on behalf of principled
causes, sets of values and ideas, vulnerable
constituencies or environments.
• When international dialogue and policy
making might otherwise be open only to
military or economic powers, advocacy
groups open this arena to the voices and
concerns of groups outside the political
arena. Transitional advocacy networks
provide a voice for civil society.
 PARTICIPANTS OF TRANSITIONAL
ADVOCACY GROUPS
• National and international NGOs
• Local social movements
• Foundations
• The media
• Religious organizations, trade unions and consumer
organizations,
• Intellectuals and scholars
• International and regional intergovernmental
organizations
• Parts of executive or parliamentary branches of the
government.
 DEVELOPMENTAL
AGENCIES

An organization
committed/dedicated to
distributing aid.
 DEVELOPMENTAL
AGENCIES
Aid can be subdivided into two
categories:
• Humanitarian aid
• Development aid
Development aid is a universal issue. Efforts may be
constantly increasing at the national level, but funds
allocated to international and regional institutions
are also clearly important.
 INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
These are organization
with an international
membership, scope or
presence.
 INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
Two main types:
1. International Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs)
– These include international non-profit organizations
and worldwide companies.
e.g.: World Organization of the Scout Movement;
Médecins Sans Frontières.

2. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) – these are

organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign
states.
e.g.: World Trade Organization;
Council of Europe (CEO).
 EDUCATION
The primary function of
educational institution is
the socialization of the
children and the new
members of the society.
 EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• Before the Philippines attained independence in 1946,
the country’s education system was patterned after
the educational systems of Spain and the united
States.
• From 1945 until 2011, the basic education system was
composed of 6 years of elementary education.
• In 2011. the country started to transition from its 10-
year basic educational system to a K to 12
educational system
• All public schools must start classes on the date
mandated by the DepEd.
 EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• The economic, political, social, and religious
values of the society are being reflected by
the kind of the educational system.
• When the Americans came, education was
focused on the development of new social
patterns that would prepare the nation for
self-governing democracy.
• Today, the government of the Philippines has
been very active in tapping the educational
system for the country’s development efforts.
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
IN A SOCIETY
1. Giving training in specific skills or the basic
general education literacy.
2. Prepare people for occupational roles
3. Preserving the culture from one generation
to the next
4. Encouraging democratic participation by
teaching verbal skills
5. Developing the person’s ability to think
rationally and independently
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
IN A SOCIETY
6. Enriching life by enabling the student to expand his
intellectual and aesthetic horizons.
7. Improving personal adjustment through personal
counseling and such courses as applied psychology,
sex education, family ling and drug abuse.
8. Improving the health of the nation’s youth by
providing physical exercise and course in hygiene.
9. Producing patriotic citizens through lessons
illustrating the country’s glory
10. Building character
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
IN A SOCIETY
6. Enriching life by enabling the student to expand his
intellectual and aesthetic horizons.
7. Improving personal adjustment through personal
counseling and such courses as applied psychology,
sex education, family ling and drug abuse.
8. Improving the health of the nation’s youth by
providing physical exercise and course in hygiene.
9. Producing patriotic citizens through lessons
illustrating the country’s glory
10. Building character
 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
RELEVANT TO BASIC EDUCATION
(1987 Constitution of the Philippines)
ARTICLE XIV
EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS
EDUCATION
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality
education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such
education accessible to all.
Section 2. The State shall:
(1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated
system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society;
(2) Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the
elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the natural right of
parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all
children of school age;
 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
RELEVANT TO BASIC EDUCATION
(1987 Constitution of the Philippines)
(3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants,
student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which
shall be available to deserving students in both public and
private schools, especially to the underprivileged;
(4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous
learning systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and
out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond
to community needs; and
(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school
youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other
skills.
FORMAL EDUCATION
Refers to the systematic and
deliberate process of
hierarchically structured and
sequential learning
corresponding to the general
concept of elementary and
secondary level of schooling.
 FORMAL EDUCATION
Formal education shall correspond to the
following levels of basic education:
• Elementary Education – the first six years of
compulsory education from grade 1-6.
• Secondary Education – is concerned primarily
with continuing basic education of the
elementary level and expanding it to include
the learning of employable skills. Currently, it
is composed of 4 years of junior high school
and 2 years of senior high school.
 FORMAL EDUCATION
• Tertiary Education – regulated by Commission
on Higher Education. Tertiary education
provides higher education on a specialized
discipline.
• Vocational Education - this a short term
training for a particular technical o vocational
skill. Duration takes a few weeks or more.
Upon completion, students obtain their
diploma after passing a centrally-
administered examination.
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION

Refers to any organized

systematic educational activity
carried outside the framework
of the formal system to
provide selected types of
learning to a segment of the
population.
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION

It is a lifelong process of learning

by which every person acquires
and accumulates knowledge,
skills, attitudes, and insights from
daily experience. Its primary
objective is to provide literacy
programs to eradicate illiteracy.
 SPECIAL EDUCATION

Refers to the education of

persons who are physically,
mentally, emotionally,
socially, or cultural different
from so-called “normal”
individuals.
 SPECIAL EDUCATION
• Special education provides distinct services,
facilities, curricula, and instructional materials
geared to students who are significantly
higher or lower than the average or norm.
• This aims to develop the maximums potential
of the child with the special needs to enable
him to become self-reliant and take
advantage of the opportunities for a full and
happy life.
RELIGION AND
BELIEF SYSTEMS
 RELIGION
A social institution that answers
questions and explains the
seemingly inexplicable. It
provides explanations for why
things happen and demystifies
the ideas of birth and death.
 ANIMISM
Refers to the belief in the
innumerable spiritual
beings concerned with
human affairs and
capable of helping or
harming human interests.
 IMPOTANCE OF ANIMISM IN THE
STUDY OF CULTURE AND RELIGION

Animism denoted not a single

creed or doctrine but a view of
the world consistent with a
certain range of religious beliefs
and practices, many of which
may survive in more complex
and hierarchical religions.
 MONOTHEISM
Refers to the belief in the
existence of one god, or
in the oneness of God.
e.g.: Christianity (Jesus Christ),
Islam (Allah)
INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION

is a social institution in
which belief systems and
rituals are systematically
arranged and formally
established.
 RELIGIONS WHERE MOST
PEOPLE ARE MEMBERS
• Christianity: The most widespread world religion. It
was derived from Judaism. It is the belief that Jesus
Christ is the son of God and the redeemer of
mankind.
• Islam: Followers of Islam are called Muslims. They
believe that the true word of God was revealed to
the prophet Muhammad around 570 A.D. God in Islam
is the same god as the Christian and Judaic deity.
• Judaism: a monotheistic religion that predates
Christianity, built on the belief that Israelites are
God’s chosen people.
 RELIGIONS WHERE MOST
PEOPLE ARE MEMBERS
• Hinduism: the oldest major world religion, dominant in
India. Hindus do not worship a single person or deity but
rather are guided by a set of ancient cultural beliefs. They
believe in the principle of karma, and reincarnation.
• Buddhism: founded by Siddhartha Gautama also known
as Buddha. Most of whom who live in Japan, Cambodia
and Burma follows his teaching. Buddhism is a way of
life,; it does not feature any God or deity but it teaches
that eschewing materialism, one can transcend the
“illusions” of life and achievement of enlightenment.

Note: Buddha is not a God, he just founded Buddhism.

TYPES OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS

• Church
– is a religious group integrated with society.
• Sect
– is a religious group that sets itself apart
from society as a whole
• Cult
– A religious group that is outside the
standard cultural norms, typically centered
on a charismatic leader.
SEPARATION OF CHURCH
AND STATE
In the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, it is
written that in Article II, Section 6,
“The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.”
And in Article III, Section 5,
“No law shall be made respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The
free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and
worship, without discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required
for the exercise of civil or political rights.”
SEPARATION OF CHURCH
AND STATE
 Article III forbids the government from
passing any law concerning religion or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof.
 Guarantees free exercise of religion
and forbids the use of any religious test
for public office.
 Churches and religious institutions are
tax-exempt.
SEPARATION OF CHURCH
AND STATE
Article VI, Section 29 states,
(2) No public money or property shall be
appropriated, applied, paid, or employed, directly
or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or support of
any sect, church, denomination, sectarian
institution, or system of religion…”
Since there’s a separation of State and Church
no public funds should be appropriated for
the Church or any of its activities.
HEALTH
 BUGNAT (ILONGGO TERM)
BINAT (TAGALOG TERM)
Is the term used to refer to the ailments a
mother experiences after giving birth
or after having suffered abortion or
miscarriage if she did not follow certain
rituals after childbirth.
(headache, chills, body pains, malaise, dizziness, muscle weakness,
and in some it is blindness)
 BUGNAT (ILONGGO TERM)
BINAT (TAGALOG TERM)
9. Opening one’s leg or crossing
The list of prohibited them Indian style
activities includes: 10. walking around
11. Reading a book
1. Drinking cold water 12. Sewing
2. Eating coconut or coconut-based 13. Not taking a first bath with the 7-
viand like ginataan leaves concoction
3. Going up and down the stairs 14. Crying heavy objects
4. Getting a manicure or pedicure
5. Go hungry or miss meals
6. Taking a bath immediately after
giving birth (3-7 days later)
7. Taking a bath in cold water
8. Exposing one’s self to cold air
 USOG
A Filipino superstition that
attributes an illness to the
greeting of a stranger. It is
believe that young children are
vulnerable of usog.
 USOG
Filipino parents are worried when a
unfamiliar person expresses
fondness or even just stares fondly
on their child, and if the stranger
notices this, he/she will automatically
utter “Puwerausog…” meaning she
is aware that the parent is worried
of usog.
 USOG
• It is also related to “bales”. Just like bales,
usog victims suffer like abdominal distress, or
abdominal distension, sometimes severe
nausea.
• It is also attributed to the inhaling of
“alimuom”
• Failure of the verbal antidote and home
therapies will warrant a visit to the
albularyo.
 SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS,
PREVENTION AND HEALING
• Complementary/alternative medicine – refers to a broad
set of health care practices that are not part of the
country’s own tradition.
• Herbal medicines/Botanical medicines – refers to the
herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal
products that contain as active ingredients of plants.
• Traditional use of herbal medicines – refers to the long
historical use of these medicines.
• Therapeutic activity – the successful prevention, diagnosis
and treatment of physical and mental illnesses.
• Active ingredient – refers to the herbal medicines with
therapeutic activity.
HEALTH AS A
HUMAN RIGHT
 HEALTH AS A HUMAN
RIGHT
Everyone has the right to the highest
attainable standard of physical
and mental health, which includes
access to all medicine services,
sanitation, adequate food, decent
housing, health working conditions
and a clean environment.
HEALTH AS A HUMAN
RIGHT
Hospitals, clinics, medicines, and
doctors’ services must be
accessible, available,
acceptable, and of good quality
for everyone, on equitable
basis, where and when needed.
 HEALTH AS A HUMAN
RIGHT
The design of a health care system must be guided
by the following key human rights standards:
• Universal Access – health care must be affordable
and comprehensive for everyone, guaranteed for
all on an equitable basis and physically accessible
where and when needed.
• Availability – Adequate health care infrastructure
like hospitals, community health facilities, trained
health care professionals, goods like drugs and
equipment, and services like primary care and
mental health must be available to all communities.
 HEALTH AS A HUMAN
RIGHT
• Acceptability and Dignity – health care institution
and providers must respect dignity, provide
culturally appropriate care, be responsive to
needs based on gender, age, culture, language,
and different ways of life and abilities.
• Quality – All health care must be medically
appropriate and of good quality, guided by
quality standards or control mechanisms, and
provided in a timely, safe and patient-centered
manner.
 HEALTH AS A HUMAN
RIGHT
The human right to health also entails the
following procedural principles, which apply
to all human rights:
• Non-Discrimination: Health care must be
accessible and provided without
discrimination based on health status, race,
ethnicity, age, sex, sexuality, disability,
language, religion, national origin, income, or
social status.
 HEALTH AS A HUMAN
RIGHT
• Transparency: Health information must be easily
accessible for everyone, enabling people to protect
their health and claim quality health services.
• Participation: Individuals and communities must be
able to take an active role in decision that affect their
health, including in the organization and
implementation of health care services.
• Accountability: Private companies and public
agencies must be held accountable for protecting the
right to health care through enforceable standards,
regulations, and independent compliance monitoring.
HEALTH AS A HUMAN
RIGHT
Healthcare is a human right campaign in
several U.S. states, inspired by example of
Vermont, which in 2011 became the first state
to pass a law for a universal, publicly
financed health care system. These campaigns
have translated the human rights standards
into clear human rights principles that guide
their actions and policy positions.
(Universality and Equity)