Lecture 6 - Cloud Computing in A Nutshell - Roots

VIRTUALIZATION & CLOUD COMPUTING
Lecture 6
CSE 423
Cloud Computing in a Nutshell,

Roots of Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing refers to applications and services that run on a
distributed network using virtualized resources and accessed by
common Internet protocols and networking standards.
• It is distinguished by the notion that resources are virtual and limitless

and that details of the physical systems on which software runs are
abstracted from the user.
Contd..
• Abstraction:
– Cloud computing abstracts the details of system implementation
from users and developers.
– Applications run on physical systems that aren't specified,
– data is stored in locations that are unknown,
– administration of systems is outsourced to others, and access by
users is ubiquitous.
Cloud Computing in a nutshell
• Analogy to electricity use
• Technologies such as cluster, grid, and now cloud computing, have all
aimed at allowing access to large amounts of computing power in a fully
virtualized manner, by aggregating resources and offering a single
system
view
• Utility computing describes a business model for on-demand delivery of

computing power; consumers pay providers based on usage.
• It denotes a model on which a computing infrastructure is viewed as a

“cloud,” from which businesses and individuals access applications from
anywhere in the world on demand
• BUYYA
• “Cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a
collection of inter-connected and virtualized computers that are
dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing
resources based on service-level agreements (SLA) established through
negotiation between the service provider and consumers.”
• NIST
• a pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
(e.g. networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction.”
• While there are countless other definitions, there seems to be common

characteristics between the most notable ones listed above, which a
cloud should have:
(i) pay-per-use (no ongoing commitment, utility prices);

(ii) elastic capacity and the illusion of infinite resources;
(iii) self-service interface
(iv) resources that are abstracted or virtualized.
(i) Mainframe to cloud

(ii) SOA, Web Services, Web 2.0 and Mashups
(iii) Grid Computing
(iv) Utility Computing
(v)Hardware Virtualization
(vi)Virtual Appliance and OVF
(vii) Autonomic Computing
From Mainframe to cloud
• currently experiencing a switch in the IT world, from in-house generated

computing power into utility-supplied computing resources delivered
over the Internet as Web services
• Computing delivered as a utility can be defined as “on demand delivery

of infrastructure, applications, and business processes in a security-rich,
shared, scalability based computer environment over the Internet for a
fee”
• Advantage to both consumer and providers
• Earlier provided timeshared mainframes , declined due to advent of fast

and inexpensive microprocessors
SOA, Web Services, Web 2.0 and Mashups
• Web services can glue together applications running on different

messaging product platforms, enabling information from one application
to be made available to others, and enabling internal applications to be
made available over the Internet.
• The purpose of a SOA is to address requirements of loosely coupled,

standards-based, and protocol-independent distributed computing
• Services such user authentication, e-mail, payroll management, and

calendars are examples of building blocks that can be reused and
combined in a business solution in case a single, ready-made system
does not provide all those features
Grid Computing
• Grid computing is the collection of computer resources from multiple

locations to reach a common goal. The grid can be thought of as a
distributed system with non-interactive workloads that involve a large
number of files.
• A key aspect of the grid vision realization has been building standard
Web services-based protocols that allow distributed resources to be
“discovered, accessed, allocated, monitored, accounted for, and billed
for..
• Issues:
• QOS, Avaibility of resource with diverse software configuration
• Soln: virtualisation
Utility Computing
• Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service

provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management
available to the customer as needed, and charges them for specific
usage rather than a flat rate.
• In utility computing environments, users assign a “utility” value to their

jobs, where utility is a fixed or time-varying valuation that captures
various QoS constraints (deadline, importance, satisfaction).
• The service providers then attempt to maximize their own utility, where
said utility may directly correlate with their profit.
Hardware Virtualization
• Hardware virtualization allows running multiple operating systems and
software stacks on a single physical platform
• 3 basic capabilities related to management of workload: isolation,

Consolidation and Migration
• A number of VMM platforms exist that are the basis of many utility or
cloud computing environments.
• VMWare ESXi :
• pioneer in virtualisation, bare metal hypervisor,
• provides advanced virtualization techniques of processor, memory, and I/O.
Especially, through memory ballooning and page sharing, it can overcommit
memory,
• Xen:
• open-source project
• It has pioneered the para-virtualization concept, on which the guest operating
system, by means of a specialized kernel, can interact with the hypervisor, thus
significantly improving performance
• KVM:
• kernel-based virtual machine (KVM) is a Linux virtualization subsystem
• Is has been part of the mainline Linux kernel since version 2.6.20, thus
being natively supported by several distributions.
• In addition, activities such as memory management and scheduling are

carried out by existing kernel
• KVM leverages hardware-assisted virtualization, which improves

performance and allows it to support unmodified guest operating
systems
Virtual Appliance and OVF(open virtual format)
• An application combined with the environment needed to run it

(operating system, libraries, compilers, databases, application
containers, and so forth) is referred to as a “virtual appliance.”
• In a multitude of hypervisors, where each one supports a different VM

image format and the formats are incompatible with one another, a
great deal of interoperability issues arises.
• For instance, Amazon has its Amazon machine image (AMI) format,
made popular on the Amazon EC2 public cloud. Other formats are used
by Citrix XenServer, several Linux distributions that ship with KVM,
Microsoft Hyper-V, and VMware ESX
Autonomic Computing
• The increasing complexity of computing systems has motivated research

on autonomic computing, which seeks to improve systems by
decreasing human involvement in their operation
• Autonomic, or self-managing, systems rely on monitoring probes and

gauges (sensors), on an adaptation engine (autonomic manager) for
computing optimizations based on monitoring data, and on effectors to
carry out changes on the system.

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VIRTUALIZATION & CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud Computing in a Nutshell,

• It is distinguished by the notion that resources are virtual and limitless

• Utility computing describes a business model for on-demand delivery of

• It denotes a model on which a computing infrastructure is viewed as a

• While there are countless other definitions, there seems to be common

(i) pay-per-use (no ongoing commitment, utility prices);

(i) Mainframe to cloud

• currently experiencing a switch in the IT world, from in-house generated

• Computing delivered as a utility can be defined as “on demand delivery

• Advantage to both consumer and providers

• Earlier provided timeshared mainframes , declined due to advent of fast

• Web services can glue together applications running on different

• The purpose of a SOA is to address requirements of loosely coupled,

• Services such user authentication, e-mail, payroll management, and

• Grid computing is the collection of computer resources from multiple

• Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service

• In utility computing environments, users assign a “utility” value to their

• 3 basic capabilities related to management of workload: isolation,

• kernel-based virtual machine (KVM) is a Linux virtualization subsystem

• In addition, activities such as memory management and scheduling are

• KVM leverages hardware-assisted virtualization, which improves

• An application combined with the environment needed to run it

• In a multitude of hypervisors, where each one supports a different VM

• The increasing complexity of computing systems has motivated research

• Autonomic, or self-managing, systems rely on monitoring probes and

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