Carbohydrate Metabolism 2022
Carbohydrate Metabolism 2022
Carbohydrate Metabolism 2022
Joel Kapenda
Lecture 1 Function of carbohydrate
Lecture 2 The classification of carbohydrates
Lecture 3 Glycolysis
Lecture 4 The fates of pyruvate
Lecture 5 Gluconeogenesis
Lecture 6 The pentose phosphate pathway of
glucose oxidation
Lecture 7 Citric acid cycle
Lecture 1 Function of carbohydrate
What are Carbohydrates (saccharides) ?
Energy sources
Cell wall
Energy sources and structural elements
Bioactive substance——Glycoproteins and
Glycolipids
Function of Carbohydrates
Source of energy
Structure (cotton fibers: cellulose )
Building blocks
Cellular recognition
The classification of carbohydrates
( Saccharides )
1 Monosaccharide
Triose 3 carbons
Tetrose 4 carbons
Pentose 5 carbons
Hexose 6 carbons
Heptose 7 carbons
Important hexose :
Glucose , fructose , galactose, mannose
Pentose :
D-Ribose
2 Oligosaccharide
Maltose
1 4
Sucrose
It is formed by plants
but not by animals.
1 2
1 2
Lactose
Energy store of plants
Amylose
Muscle:
energy (ATP)
production.
Liver: balance
blood glucose
levels.
Cellulose
A linear, unbranched β l-4 glucan molecular
Lecture 3 Glycolysis
In glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken down in a
series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions to yield two
molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate .
During the sequential reactions of glycolysis, some of
the free energy released from glucose is conserved in
the form of ATP and NADH.
First stage of carbohydrate metabolism.
Preparatory phase ( step①-⑤ ):
Phosphorylation of glucose and its
conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate
Payoff phase ( step⑥-⑩ ):
Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled
formation of ATP and NADH
(1) Phosphorylation of Glucose
or glucokinase
PEP
(10) Transfer of the Phosphoryl Group from
Phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP
During glycolysis some of the energy of the
glucose molecule is conserved in ATP, while
much remains in the product, pyruvate. The
overall equation for glycolysis is
Regulation of glycolysis
Three glycolytic reactions(the reactions catalyzed
by hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase) are
irreversible.
1. Phosphofructokinase ( PFK )
Inhibited by : ATP , Citrate
Activated by : AMP , 2,6-bisphosphate ( F-2,6-BP )
2 Hexokinase
Inhibited by : G-6-P
3 pyruvate kinase
Inhibited by : ATP
Activated by : FBP
Lecture 4 The fates of pyruvate
Three catabolic routes.
1. oxidized to acetyl-CoA
2. Ethanol fermentation
3. Lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation