5.

CELLULAR ENERGY

TERM 3, 11A
- BY Ms. Sneha
Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy

Section 2: Photosynthesis

Section 3: Cellular Respiration

 STARTER

?What do I know about

What do I want to know about ?

How can I find out?

What you learned about?

What action will I take?

What new questions do I have?

  What are the two laws of
thermodynamics?
 What is the difference
between an anabolic pathway
and a catabolic pathway?
 How does ATP work in a cell?
  Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and
transformation of energy in the universe.
Laws of Thermodynamics
 The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation
of energy, which states that energy can be converted from
one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.

For example, the stored energy in food is

converted to chemical energy when you eat
and to mechanical energy when you run or
kick a ball.
 Second law “energy cannot be converted without the loss
of usable energy.
The energy that is “lost” is generally converted to thermal energy, heat.

 Entropy: is measure of the unavailable energy in a closed

thermodynamic system

example of the second law of thermodynamics

is food chains.
 Nutrition= Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
1. Autotrophs :are organisms that make their own food. They are producers.
a. Some autotrophs, called chemoautotrophs, use inorganic substances such as
hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy by chemosynthesis.
b. Photo autotrophs, such as the plant, convert light energy from the Sun into
chemical energy by photosynthesis.

 2. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest readymade food from

autotrophs to obtain energy. They are consumers.

energy
  Metabolism - All of the chemical reactions in a cell
 a metabolic pathway : is a series of chemical reactions in which the
product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction.
 Metabolic pathways include two broad types:
1- catabolic pathways 2- anabolic pathways
 Catabolic pathways
release energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller
molecules.
-Breakdown
-E.g., Respiration
 Anabolic pathways
use the energy released by catabolic pathways to build larger
molecules from smaller molecules.
-Synthesis
- E.g., photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis:
• is the anabolic pathway in which light energy from the Sun is
converted to chemical energy for use by the cell.
• In this reaction, autotrophs use light energy, carbon dioxide, and
water to form glucose and oxygen.
• The energy stored in the glucose

• Cellular respiration:
• is the catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken
down to release energy for use by a cell.
• oxygen is used to break down organic molecules, resulting in the production of
carbon dioxide and water.

6 6 6
 Energy continually flows
between the metabolic reactions
of organisms in an ecosystem.

the cyclical nature of these

processes in this Figure, where
the products of one reaction are
the reactants for the other
reaction
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

ATP [Adenosine tri phosphate]: The main Unit

of Cellular Energy
 ATP is a main storehouse of chemical energy that can be used by
cells in a variety of reactions

 ATP is the most abundant energy carrier molecule in cells and is

found in all types of organisms.

ATP
is a nucleotide made of:
1-adenine base 2- ribose sugar 3-three phosphate groups.
 ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third
phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.
 Energy is stored in the phosphate bond formed when ADP receives
a phosphate group and becomes ATP

• Sometimes ADP becomes adenosine monophosphate (AMP) by

losing an additional phosphate group. There is less energy released
in that reaction.

catabolic
anabolic

endergonic exergonic
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy - PLENARY

Chapter Diagnostic
Questions

Which statement describes the law of

conservation of energy?

A. Energy cannot be converted or destroyed.

B. Energy can be converted and destroyed.
C. Energy can be converted but not destroyed.
D. Energy can be destroyed but not converted.
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

Chapter Diagnostic
Questions

In which metabolic process are molecules

broken down to produce carbon dioxide and
water?
A. photosynthesis
B. cellular respiration
C. homeostasis
D. fermentation
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

8.1 Formative
Questions

Which law of thermodynamics explains

why the ladybug receives the least amount
of usable energy?
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

8.1 Formative
Questions

A. the first law of thermodynamics

B. the second law of thermodynamics
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

8.1 Formative
Questions

True or False

All of the energy from the food you eat

comes from the sun.
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

8.1 Formative
Questions

Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway?

A. Energy is used to form glucose and
oxygen.
B. Energy is converted from water to
carbon dioxide.
C. Energy that is lost is converted to
thermal energy.
D. Energy is released by the breakdown
of molecules.
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

8.1 Formative
Questions

Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an

important biological molecule?

A. It captures light energy from the sun.

B. It is produced in anabolic pathways.
C. It stores and releases chemical energy.
D. It converts mechanical energy to thermal
energy.
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

8.3 Formative
Questions

What is the overall purpose of cellular

respiration?

A. to make ATP
B. to process H2O
C. to store glucose
D. to deliver oxygen
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

Chapter Assessment
Questions

Look at the following figure. Which molecule is

released when ATP becomes ADP?

A. phosphate group
B. water molecule
C. ribose sugar
D. energy cells
Chapter 5 Cellular Energy

Standardized Test
Practice

Which metabolic process is photosynthesis?

B
‫•‬ ‫‪Energy‬‬ ‫ا‪$$‬لطاقة‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Thermodynamics‬‬ ‫ا‪$$‬لديناميكا ا‪$$‬لحرارية‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Metabolism‬‬ ‫ا ‪$‬أليض( ا‪$$‬لتمثيلا‪$$‬لغ‪$‬ذا‪$‬ئي)‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Photosynthesis‬‬ ‫ا‪$$‬لبناء ا‪$$‬لضوئي‬
‫•‬ ‫‪cellular respiration‬‬ ‫ا‪$$‬لتنفسا‪$$‬لخلوي‬
‫•‬ ‫)‪adenosine triphosphate (ATP‬‬
‫أدينوسين ثالثي الفوسفات‬
 Learning Objectives

1 . Summarize the two phases of photosynthesis.

2 . Explain the function of chloroplast during light reactions.

3 . Describe and diagram electron transport.

4 . Explain how ATP formed during Chemiosmosis

1. What is the benefit of photosynthesis for humans
and animals?.

2. How does photosynthesis benefit plants?.

3. Give the equation of photosynthesis.

STARTER
The chemical equation for photosynthesis
overall

-But this equation does not explained how

process of photosynthesis occur.
-Photosynthesis occurs inside plant cell chloroplasts.
-Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases.
1-Light-dependent reaction (Light Reaction)
2-Light-independent reaction (The Calvin Cycle/c3/Dark)
 Complete Overview of Photosynthesis

H2 O CO2
Light

NADP+
ADP + P

Light- dependent Calvin

Calvin
reactions cycle
Cycle
DARK
REACTION

Chloroplast

O2 Sugars (Glucose)
Chloroplast
-Large green organelles in plant cell (mainly in the leaves)
-Capture light energy.
-Are disk-shaped organelles.
-Has 2 membranes:* outer membrane & inner membrane.
-Contain 2 compartments essential to photosynthesis:*Thylakoids & Stroma

Stroma Thylakoids Compare between

Flattened, The shape
Fluid-filled space
coinlike,arranged in out side the
stacks (grana) .grana

light-dependent Type of Reaction

light-independent
reaction reaction
Light-absorbing pigments Components
Molecules and
Chlorophyll a/b, accessory enzyme need for
pigments
phase2 reaction
Light-absorbing colored molecules.
In the figure what is the pigment
color ? Explain your answer.
Blue,The surface absorb all visible
light spectrum, and reflect light in
the blue region.
Absorption Spectra of Photosynthetic Pigment

-in thylakoid
The major light-absorbing pigments
in plants are chlorophylls,
The most common 2 are chlorophyll a
& chlorophyll b.
-There are accessory pigments that
allow plants to trap additional light
energy such as carotenoids.
Example: ẞ-carotene
Absorption Spectra of Photosynthetic Pigment

Compare between colorful pigment in

ability to absorb wavelengths of light.
Color Absorbed Role in Pigment
wavelengths photosynt
hetic
green major Chlorophyll a
green Major Chlorophyll b
yellow- accessory carotenoids
orange
Phase One of photosynthesis: Light Reactions
* Light reaction start when pigments absorb the light along the
thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast.
The structure of the thylakoid

Thylakoid Thylakoid space

membrane (lumen)

photolysis of
electron- Protein
transporting complexes water happens
molecules photosystems

ATP synthase extends from

Photosystems I Photosystems II thylakoid membrane into stroma
Let’s identify the components of

Complete the figure of Thylakoid membrane.

Thylakoid space/lumen
Photosystem I
Thylakoid
membrane
Electron carrier
Photosystem II

ATP
synthase

Ferrodoxin
Stroma
Light reaction steps
1. PHOTOEXCITATION- Light energy excites electrons in
photosystem II
2. PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER- water molecule splits, giving:
-an electron into the electron transport system,
Thylakoid space
-H+ into the thylakoid space,
- and O2 as a waste product.
Thylakoid
+ O2 membrane
2H2O

Stroma
3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT: Z scheme
The excited electrons move from photosystem II to an
electron-acceptor molecule[plastoquinone Pq] in the thylakoid
membrane.
 As electrons move through the membrane, protons H+ are
pumped into the thylakoid space. Thylakoid space

Thylakoid
+ O2 membrane
2H2O

Stroma
 The electron-acceptor molecule[plastocyanin Pc] transfers the
electrons along a series of electron-carriers to photosystem I.

Thylakoid space

Thylakoid
+ O2 membrane
2H2O

Stroma

 In the presence of light, Photosystem I transfers the

electrons to a protein called ferrodoxin Fd.
 Ferrodoxin transfers the electrons to the electron carrier
NADP+, forming the energy-storing molecule NADPH.
Thylakoid space

Thylakoid
+ O2 membrane
2H2O
Stroma

2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
4. CHEMIOSMOSIS-
A high concentration of protons (H+) in the thylakoid interior
(thylakoid space) and a low concentration of protons (H+) in
the stroma . Thylakoid space

Thylakoid
+ O2 membrane
2H2O
Stroma

2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
 H+ protons diffuse down their concentration gradient out of the
thylakoid space into the stroma through ATP synthases
 ATP synthesis- As H+ moves through ATP synthases, ATP[ADP+Pi]
is formed in the stroma.

ADP+P
PHASE 2 OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS – CALVIN CYCLE/C3
cycle/ DARK REACTION
- ATP and NADPH made from light reaction are used
CARBON
FIXATION
rubisco

rubisco

REGENERATION REDUCTION

ADP and NADP+ are used up again in

light reaction
Leaf anatomy
Alternative pathways
What is the difference in the photosynthesis pathways?
Adaptive pathway helps plants maintain photosynthesis while minimizing water
Alternative Pathways

 C4 plants  CAM plants

-Fix carbon dioxide into four -Called crassulacean acid metabolism
carbon C4. (CAM) pathway .
-Have structural modifications in -Occurs in plants that live in
the arrangement of cells in the environments where access to water
leaves. is limited (deserts, salt marshes).
-Are able to make glucose in -At night, CO2 fix into organic
different cells. compounds, During the day, CO2 is
-Keep their stomata closed during released from these compounds and
hot days. enters the Calvin cycle.
-Ex: Corn and sugarcane. -Are able to make glucose at
different time of the day.
-Ex: Pineapples,orchids and cacti
At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy
stored?

A. NADPH
B. ATP
C. chloroplast
D. glucose
Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis
take place?

A. chloroplasts
B. Golgi apparatus
C. mitochondria
D. vacuoles
Which range of wavelengths is reflected by
chlorophylls a and b?

A. 400-500 nm
B. 500-600 nm
C. 600-700 nm
 Cellular Energy

Look at the following figure. Which part of the

chloroplast is a sac-like membrane arranged in
stacks?

A. grana
B. stroma
C. thylakoids
D. Golgi apparatus
At the beginning of photosynthesis,
which molecule is split to produce
oxygen (O2) as a waste product?

A. CO2 Which mechanism of photosynthesis

uses the movement of hydrogen
B. H2O ions (H+) across a concentration
C. C6H12O6 gradient to synthesize ATP?
D. 3-PGA A. absorption
B. chemiosmosis
C. electron transport
D. C2 pathway
 Starter
Q. For what your body cells need Oxygen ?
 Carbon dioxide Oxygen
( CO2) O2

Cellular
respiration
eukaryotes
Water Carbon dioxide
H2O ( CO2) Glucose ( food )
C6H12O6
The main stages of the cellular respiration [eukaryotes].

2. Kreb cycle
3- Electron transport Chain ETC
 The main stages of the cellular respiration.

Anaerobic
aerobic
MITOCHONDRIA
 First: Glycolysis – ANAEROBIC, CYTOPLASM

A- 2 ATP is converted into 2 ADP and 2

.phosphates released
.B- 2 phosphates are added into glucose
C- Glucose is split into two 3- carbon
.molecules (G3P)
D – The two G3P are converted into two
:Pyruvic acid, and during that
4 ADP converted into 4 ATP
2 NAD+ converted into 2 NADH by adding
H+ and electrons
First: Glycolysis – Steps
 First: Glycolysis – Steps

!Critical thinking
why the net result of glycolysis is 2
ATP molecules not 4?

Glycolysis starts with using of 2 ATP

The reactants and the products of Glycolysis
 Lets test your understanding !
Where in the cell does cellular respiration
take place?

A. Ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondria
D. vacuoles
 Lets test your understanding !
Which pathway for anaerobic cellular
respiration is located in the cytoplasm of the
cell?
 Lets test your understanding !
Pyruvate is the end product of the
______ reactions.
 Lets test your understanding !

The net result of glycolysis is 4 ATP molecules

True

False
2. KREB CYCLE – IN MITOCHONDRIAL
MATRIX, - COMES
FROM

AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
- 1 GLUCOSE
MAKES 2
PYRUVATE

From 2
pyruvate

6
+2=8
3. ELECTRON TRANSFER/OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION –
MITOCHONDRIAL INTERMEMBRANE SPACE, AEROBIC
4ATP+30ATP+4ATP
 AEROBIC

*6 ATP

AEROBIC
RESPIRATION -
*36-38 ATP

FERMENTATION
- *8 ATP