Here are the transcriptions of the words:
a) bake /beɪk/
b) goat /ɡoʊt/
c) doubt /daʊt/
d) Bough /baʊ/
e) Tick /tɪk/
f) Bought /bɔːt/
g) Bored /bɔːrd/
h) Guard /ɡɑːrd/
i) pea /piː/
Here are the transcriptions of the words:
a) bake /beɪk/
b) goat /ɡoʊt/
c) doubt /daʊt/
d) Bough /baʊ/
e) Tick /tɪk/
f) Bought /bɔːt/
g) Bored /bɔːrd/
h) Guard /ɡɑːrd/
i) pea /piː/
Here are the transcriptions of the words:
a) bake /beɪk/
b) goat /ɡoʊt/
c) doubt /daʊt/
d) Bough /baʊ/
e) Tick /tɪk/
f) Bought /bɔːt/
g) Bored /bɔːrd/
h) Guard /ɡɑːrd/
i) pea /piː/
Here are the transcriptions of the words:
a) bake /beɪk/
b) goat /ɡoʊt/
c) doubt /daʊt/
d) Bough /baʊ/
e) Tick /tɪk/
f) Bought /bɔːt/
g) Bored /bɔːrd/
h) Guard /ɡɑːrd/
i) pea /piː/
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Voicing and
consonants Lecturer: THY LE, M.A. Air passes through the larynx into the vocal tract, which is the air passages of the head and neck. Vocal folds (vocal cords) lie inside the larynx. From above, you might then be able to see the vocal folds as two strings of tissue arranged in a V-shape, with the point of the V at the front. • At the front the vocal folds are joined together and fixed to the inside of the thyroid cartilage.
• At the back they are attached
to a pair of small cartilages called the arytenoid cartilages. ● The arytenoid cartilages are attached to the top of the cricoid cartilage, but they can move so as to move the vocal folds apart or together ● We use the word glottis to refer to the opening between the vocal folds. ● A person can either keep the vocal folds o wide apart (known as keeping them abducted) [ex: normal breathing], o shut them completely (known as keeping them adducted) [coughing]. ● Glottis: the opening between the vocal folds Vibration of the vocal folds ● The vocal folds abducted ● The vocal folds narrowed Vibration of the vocal folds
Sound is produced when air is made to vibrate, and
the vibration of the vocal folds is one of the major ways in which we make our speech audible. ● Wide apart ● Narrow glottis
Voiceless glottal fricative
● Position for vocal fold vibration ● Vocal folds tightly closed
Glottal stop/glottal plosive
Voiced and voiceless sounds
●A sound produced while the vocal folds are vibrating
is called a voiced sound. ●A sound produced while the folds are not vibrating is called a voiceless sound. Voiced and voiceless sounds
● All vowels are voiced.
● Consonants can be either voiced or voiceless. ● Voiceless sounds usually have the vocal folds wide apart, or, for a few sounds, they may be tightly closed. Exercise In the pairs below, one word starts with a voiced consonant and the other with a voiceless consonant. Think about the initial consonants of each word. Say them out loud and try to work out if they are voiced (with vocal fold vibration) or voiceless (with no vibration).
zip / sip fault / vault coven / govern dense / tense Comment
zip vault govern dense Symbols for English consonants
/p/ as in pig /k/ as in kind
/f/ as in fun /h/ as in home /θ/ as in theory /tʃ/ as in cherub /s/ as in soon /ʃ/ as in ship /t/ as in tank Symbols for English consonants The voiced consonants
/b/ as in bent /dʒ/ as in June
/v/ as in vole /l/ as in lull /ð/ as in they /r/ as in red /z/ as in Zen /j/ as in yogurt /ʒ/ as in pleasure /w/ as in went /d/ as in dale /ɡ/ as in grind /m/ as in mail /n/ as in nail /ŋ/ as in sang What is the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds?
VOICED SOUNDS VOICELESS SOUNDS
Vocal folds are vibrating. The folds are not vibrating
- they are held apart - they are tightly closed (in the case of ejectives and the glottal stop) Manner of articulation
Manner of articulation tells us how the sound is
produced. All articulations involve a stricture, i.e. A narrowing of the vocal tract which affects the airstream. Manner of articulation – stricture type Complete closure
Plosives Nasals Trills Taps
Complete closure
Plosives are made with a complete closure in the oral tract, and with the velum raised, which prevents air escaping through the nose. English plosives include the sounds [p t k b d g]. Plosives are ‘maintainable’ stops because they can be held for a long time, and the closure portion arises from a deliberate articulation. The term ‘plosive’ relates to the way the stop is released – with what is sometimes called an ‘explosion’. Complete closure
Nasals are made with a complete closure in the oral tract, but with the velum lowered so that air escapes through the nose. For English there are three main nasal sounds, [m n ŋ], bilabial, alveolar and velar respectively. Nasals are usually voiced in English. Complete closure
Trills are rare in English, but they are one form of ‘rolled r’: they involve the tongue tip striking the alveolar ridge repeatedly (usually three to four times). Complete closure
Taps on the other hand are quite common in English. these consist of just one short percussive movement of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge. they occur in many varieties of English, but are especially well known as kinds of [t] or [d] sound in many north American varieties in words like ‘bu[ɾ]er’, ‘wri[ɾ]er’, ‘a[ɾ]om’. Close approximation
Fricatives The articulators are close to each other but don’t make a complete closure. The airstream passes through a narrowing, producing audible hiss-like friction, as in English /f v θ ð s z t ʃ ʒ h/. Open approximation
(Central) approximants Approximants have a stricture of open approximation. The space between the articulators is wide enough to allow the airstream through with no audible friction, as in English /w j r/. English /j/ and /w/ are like very short vowels – similar to brief versions of /iː/ and /uː/ (an old term for these sounds was in fact ‘semi-vowels’). Open approximation
Lateral (approximant) Lateral consonants are made with the centre of the tongue forming a closure with the roof of the mouth but the sides lowered. The airstream escapes without friction and consequently this sound is termed a lateral approximant. This is true for most allophones of English /l/. If there’s a narrowing between the lowered sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, and the air escapes with friction, the result is a lateral fricative. Overview of English consonant system A useful term to cover both stops and fricatives is obstruents. All other consonant sounds, and also vowels, are classed as sonorants. Summary
There are three main aspects of the production of speech
sounds in English: voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation. PLOSIVES Plosives
A plosive is a consonant articulation with the following
characteristics: A) one articulator is moved against another, or two articulators are moved against each other, so as to form a stricture that allows no air to escape from the vocal tract. The stricture is, then, total. B) after this stricture has been formed and air has been compressed behind it, it is released - that is, air is allowed to escape. Plosives
A plosive is a consonant articulation with the following
characteristics: C) if the air behind the stricture is still under pressure when the plosive is released, it is probable that the escape of air will produce noise loud enough to be heard. This noise is called plosion. D) there may be voicing during part or all of the plosive articulation. Plosives
What happens at each of the following four phases in its
production: I) the first phase is when the articulator or articulators move to form the stricture for the plosive. We call this the closing phase. II) the second phase is when the compressed air is stopped from escaping. We call this the compression phase. Plosives
What happens at each of the following four phases in its production:
III) the third phase is when the articulators used to form the stricture are moved so as to allow air to escape. This is the release phase. IV) the fourth phase is what happens immediately after (iii), so we will call it the post-release phase. English plosives
Three stages are represented.
Ex: /p/ 1. The approach phase (the bottom lip approaches the top lip) 2. The hold phase (the air from the lungs cannot escape and pressure builds up behind the closed lips) 3. the release phase (the bottom lip moves away from the top lip, and air escapes rapidly, with the slight popping sound characteristic of plosives) English plosives
p, t, k, b, d, g
●p, t, k are always voiceless;
●b, d, g are sometimes fully voiced, sometimes partly
● between other sounds (medial position) [VCV] ● at the end of a word (final position) [VC] Fortis and lenis
p, t, k are produced with more force than b, d, g
p, t, k => fortis (strong) b, d, g => lenis (weak) Fortis and lenis transcribe the following words: a) bake f) Bought b) goat g) Bored c) doubt h) Guard d) Bough i) pea e) Tick Fortis and lenis
Candice Zhiuyan Luo Vocal Pedagogy Research Paper To Fach or Not To Fach ? - A Discussion On Appropriate Teachings of Fach in Trainings For Female Operatic High Voice March 21st 2020
Candice Zhiuyan Luo Vocal Pedagogy Research Paper To Fach or Not To Fach ? - A Discussion On Appropriate Teachings of Fach in Trainings For Female Operatic High Voice March 21st 2020
