Paper name : Java Programming

Paper code : BCA 206

Lecture 1 :
Introduction to Java
 Syllabus
UNIT – I
Java Programming: Introduction, Data types, access specifiers, operators, control
statements,arrays.
Classes: Fundamentals, objects, methods, constructors.
Inheritance: Super class,sub class,this and super operator, method overriding, use of final,
packages, abstract class, interface.
Polymorphism: Method overloading, constructor overloading.

UNIT – II
Exception Handling: Exception Class, built in checked and unchecked exceptions, user
defined exceptions, use of try, catch, throw, throws, finally.
Multi threaded programming: Overview, comparison with multiprocessing ,Thread class
and runnable interface, life cycle, creation of single and multiple threads, thread priorities,
overview of Synchronization.
Java Library: String handling (only main functions), String Buffer class.
Elementary concepts of Input/Output :byte and character streams, System.in and
System.out, print and println, reading from a file and writing in a file.
 Syllabus
UNIT – III
Software Development using Java:
Applets :Introduction, Life cycle, creation and implementation,
AWT controls: Button, Label,TextField, TextArea, Choice lists, list, scrollbars,
check boxes,Layout managers,Elementary concepts of Event
Handling :Delegation Event Model, Event classes and listeners,Adapter classes,
Inner classes.

Swings: Introduction and comparison with AWT controls.

UNIT – IV
Networking Basics: Socket (datagram and TCP/IP based client and server
socket), factory methods, InetAddress

JDBC: JDBC Architecture, JDBC Drivers, Connecting to the Database

Introduction to Java Servlets: Life cycle,Interfaces and classes in javax.servlet

package(only description) Creating a simple servlet
 What is Java ?

• Java is a programming language and

a platform.
• Java is a high level, robust, secured and object-
oriented programming language.
• Platform: Any hardware or software
environment in which a program runs, is
known as a platform. Since Java has its own
runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is called
platform.
 Where it is used?

According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java. There are many

devices where java is currently used. Some of them are as
follows:
• Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus
etc.
• Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc.
• Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
• Mobile
• Embedded System
• Smart Card
• Robotics
• Games etc.
 Types of Java Applications
There are mainly 4 type of applications that can be created using java programming:
1) Standalone Application
• It is also known as desktop application or window-based application. An
application that we need to install on every machine such as media player,
antivirus etc. AWT(Abstract Window toolkit) and Swing are used in java for
creating standalone applications.
2) Web Application
• An application that runs on the server side and creates dynamic page, is called
web application. Currently, servlet, jsp (java server page), struts, jsf (java server
faces) etc. technologies are used for creating web applications in java.
3) Enterprise Application
• An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications etc. It
has the advantage of high level security, load balancing and clustering. In java,
EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans) is used for creating enterprise applications.
4) Mobile Application
• An application that is created for mobile devices. Currently Android and Java ME
(Micro Edition) are used for creating mobile applications.
 Java Version History
• JDK Alpha and Beta (1995) • JDK 9 (21st Sept, 2017)
• JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996) • JDK 10 (20th March 2018)
• JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997) • JDK 11 (25th Sept, 2018)
• J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998) • JDK 12 (19th March 2019)
• J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000) • JDK 13 (10th Sept, 2019)
• J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002) • JDK 14(17th March, 2020)
• J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004) • JDK 15(15th September, 2020)
• JDK 6 (11th Dec, 2006) • JDK 16(March 2021)
• JDK 7 (28th July, 2011) • JDK 17(September 2021)
• JDK 8 (18th March, 2014) • JDK18(to be released in March
2022)
 Features of Java
The Java Features given below are simple and easy to
understand.
1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Platform independent
4. Secured
5. Robust
6. Architecture neutral
7. Portable
8. Dynamic
9. Interpreted
10. High Performance
11. Multithreaded
12. Distributed
 Simple

According to Sun, Java language is simple because:

• syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to

learn it after C++).

• removed many confusing and/or rarely-used features

e.g., explicit pointers, operator overloading etc.

• No need to remove unreferenced objects because

there
is Automatic Garbage Collection in java
 Object-oriented
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a
combination
Accordingoftodifferent
Sun, Javatypes of objects
language that
is simple
because:
incorporate both data and behaviour.
syntax is based on C++ (so easier for
programmersprogramming(OOPs)
Object-oriented to learn it after C++). is a methodology
that simplify software
removed many development
confusing and/orand maintenance by
rarely-used
features
providing e.g.,rules.
some explicit pointers, operator
overloading etc.
Basic concepts of OOPs are:
No need to remove unreferenced objects
1.Object
because there is Automatic Garbage Collection in
2.Class
java.
3.Inheritance
4.Polymorphism
5.Abstraction
6.Encapsulation
Platform Independent
A platform is the hardware or
software environment in which a
program runs.
There are two types of platforms :-
software-based and hardware-based.
Java provides software-based
platform. The Java platform differs
from most other platforms in the
sense that it's a software-based
platform that runs on top of other
hardware-based platforms.
It has two components:
1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming
Interface)

Java code can be run on multiple platforms e.g.Windows,Linux,Sun

Solaris,Mac/OS etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler and
converted into bytecode. This bytecode is a platform independent
code because it can be run on multiple platforms i.e. Write Once and
Run Anywhere(WORA).
 The output of the
compiler is .class file
(contains bytecodes)

The Interpreter's are sometimes referred to as the Java Virtual Machines.

Each platform has its own JVM which gets installed automatically when the
JDK software is installed. While JAVA is platform-independent language, the
JVM is platform-dependent.
 Secured
Java is secured because:
•No explicit pointer
•Programs run inside virtual machine sandbox.

• Classloader- adds security by separating the package for the classes of the
local file system from those that are imported from network sources.
• Bytecode Verifier- checks the code fragments for illegal code that can
violate access right to objects.
• Security Manager- determines what resources a class can access such as
reading and writing to the local disk.
 Features of Java
Robust : Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory
management. There are lack of pointers that avoids security problem.
There is automatic garbage collection in java. There is exception
handling and type checking mechanism in java. All these points makes
java robust.

Architectural Neutral: There is no implementation dependent

features e.g. size of primitive types is set.

Portable: We may carry the java bytecode to any platform.

High Performance: Java is faster than traditional interpretation
since byte code is "close" to native code still somewhat slower than
a compiled language (e.g., C++)
Distributed: We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and
EJB are used for creating distributed applications. We may access
files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.
Multi-threaded: A thread is like a separate program, executing
concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at
once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-
threading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are important for
multi-media, Web applications etc
 Creating hello java example

class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello Java");
}
}
save this file as Simple.java

To compile : javac Simple.java

To execute : java Simple

Output : Hello Java

class keyword is used to declare a class in java.
public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it
means it is visible to all.
static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known
as static method. The core advantage of static method is that
there is no need to create object to invoke the static method. The
main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to
create object to invoke the main method. So it saves memory.
void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return
any value.
main represents startup of the program.
String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn it
later.
System.out.println() is used print statement. We will learn about
the internal working of System.out.println statement later.
What happens at compile time?
At compile time, java file is compiled by Java Compiler (It
does not interact with OS) and converts the java code into
bytecode.
What happens at runtime?

Classloader: is the subsystem of JVM

that is used to load class files.

Bytecode Verifier: checks the code

fragments for illegal code that can
violate access right to objects .e.g.
• Uninitialized Variables
• Access rules for private data and methods
are not violated.

Interpreter: reads bytecode stream

then execute the instructions.
Can you save a java source file by other
name than the class name?
Yes, if the class is not public. It is explained in the figure
given below.
If “Simple” class is public then filename must be
Simple.java
Difference between JDK, JRE and JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine.
It is a specification that provides runtime
environment in which java bytecode can be
executed.
JVMs are available for many hardware and
software platforms.
JVM, JRE and JDK are platform dependent because
configuration of each OS differs. But, Java is
platform independent.
The JVM performs following main tasks:
•Loads code
•Verifies code
•Executes code
•Provides runtime environment
 JRE- Java Runtime Environment.

• JRE is used to provide runtime

environment.
• It is the implementation of JVM.
• It physically exists.
• It contains set of libraries + other files
that JVM uses at runtime.
• Implementation of JVMs are also actively
released by other companies besides Sun
Micro Systems.
Thank you