JAVA Programming Language

Data Types and operators

Java Data Types

• Data are used to specify what kind of value can be stored in a variable.
• The memory size and type of the value of a variable are determined by
the variable data type..
• Data types are classified into two types:
• Primitive Data Types
• Non-primitive Data Types
c
• The Range of data, that can be stored in a variable is based on the
memory size of the data type.
• For example: byte size is 1 byte(8 bits) and range is -128 to 127.
• byte c;
Example5: Java Data types – Default values
public class PrimitiveDataTypes
{

byte i;
short j;
int k;
long l;
float m;
double n;
char ch;
boolean p;df
public static void main(String[] args)
{
PrimitiveDataTypes obj = new PrimitiveDataTypes();
System.out.println("i = " + obj.i + ", j = " + obj.j + ", k = " + obj.k + ", l = " + obj.l);
System.out.println("m = " + obj.m + ", n = " + obj.n);
System.out.println("ch = " + obj.ch);
System.out.println("p = " + obj.p);
}
}
Type Casting

• The process of converting the value of one data type (int, float, double,
etc.) to another data type is known as typecasting.
• The automatic conversion is done by the compiler and manual
conversion performed by the programmer.
o There are two types of primitive type casting:
– Widening Type Casting(automatic)
– Narrowing Type Casting(manual)
Widening Type Casting(automatic)

• Widening Casting (automatically) - converting a smaller type to a larger type size

byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double
• Widening casting is done automatically when passing a smaller size type to a larger size type:
• Example:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args)
{
int myInt = 9;
double myDouble = myInt; // Automatic casting: int to double System.out.println(myInt); //
Outputs 9
System.out.println(myDouble); // Outputs 9.0
}
}
Widening Type Casting(automatic)

• The lower data type (having smaller size) is converted into the higher
data type (having larger size). Hence there is no loss in data. This is
why this type of conversion happens automatically.
• Note: This is also known as Implicit Type Casting.
Narrowing Type Casting(manual)
• Narrowing Casting (manually) - converting a larger type to a smaller size type
double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte
• Narrowing casting must be done manually by placing the type in parentheses in front of the
value
• If we don’t type cast manually the compiler will show an error
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double myDouble = 9.78;
int myInt = (int) myDouble; // Manual casting: double to int
System.out.println(myDouble); // Outputs 9.78
System.out.println(myInt); // Outputs 9
}
}
Narrowing Type Casting(manual)
• The higher data types (having larger size) are converted into lower
data types (having smaller size). Hence there is the loss of data. This is
why this type of conversion does not happen automatically.
• Note: This is also known as Explicit Type Casting.
Java Operators
Operators

• Operators are used to perform a specific kind of operations on

variables and values.
• Classification of java Operators:
o If an operator takes one operand, it is unary operator; ( ++,--,!,~,+,- )
o if an operator takes two operands, it is binary operator; (*,%,/,+,>,<)
o If an operator takes three operands, it is ternary operator. ( ?: )
Unary Operator

• The Java unary operators require only one operand.

• Example:
public class Main{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a=10,b=20;
boolean ch=false;
System.out.println(a++);
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(++b);
a=-b;
System.out.println(a);
a=~16;
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(!ch);
}
}
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to performing basic mathematical operations
Arithmetic Operators
• The addition operator can be used with numerical data types and character or string data
type. When it is used with numerical values, it performs mathematical addition and when
it is used with character or string data type values, it performs concatenation (appending).

• The modulus (remainder of the division) operator is used with integer data type only.

• The increment and decrement operators are used as pre-increment or pre-

decrement and post-increment or post-decrement.
🔔 When they are used as pre, the value is get modified before it is used in the actual
expression and when it is used as post, the value is get modified after the actual
expression evaluation.
Example6- Arithmetic Operators
public class ArithmeticOperators {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 10, b = 20, result;
System.out.println("a = " + a + ", b = " + b);

result = a + b;
System.out.println("Addition : " + a + " + " + b + " = " + result);

result = a - b;
System.out.println("Subtraction : " + a + " - " + b + " = " + result);

result = a * b;
System.out.println("Multiplucation : " + a + " * " + b + " = " + result);

result = b / a;
System.out.println("Division : " + b + " / " + a + " = " + result);

result = b % a;
System.out.println("Modulus : " + b + " % " + a + " = " + result);

result = ++a;
System.out.println("Pre-increment : ++a = " + result);

result = b--;
System.out.println("Post-decrement : b-- = " + result);
}
}
Relational Operators

• The relational operators are the symbols that are used to compare two
values. That means the relational operators are used to check the
relationship between two values.
• Relational operator has two posible results either TRUE or FALSE.
• The relational operators are used to define conditions in a program.
Relational Operators
Example7- Relational Operators
public class RelationalOperators {

public static void main(String[] args) {

boolean a;

a = 10<5;
System.out.println("10 < 5 is " + a);

a = 10>5;
System.out.println("10 > 5 is " + a);

a = 10<=5;
System.out.println("10 <= 5 is " + a);

a = 10>=5;
System.out.println("10 >= 5 is " + a);

a = 10==5;
System.out.println("10 == 5 is " + a);

a = 10!=5;
System.out.println("10 != 5 is " + a);
}

}
Logical Operators

• The logical operators are the symbols that are used to combine
multiple conditions into one condition.
Logical Operators

• The operators &, |, and ^ can be used with both boolean and integer
data type values. When they are used with integers, performs bitwise
operations and with boolean, performs logical operations.

• Logical operators and Short-circuit operators both are similar, but

in case of short-circuit operators once the decision is finalized it does
not evaluate remaining expressions.
Example 8- Logical operators

public class LogicalOperators {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int x = 10, y = 20, z = 0;

boolean a = true;

a = x>y && (z=x+y)>15;

System.out.println("a = " + a + ", and z = " + z);

a = x>y & (z=x+y)>15;

System.out.println("a = " + a + ", and z = " + z);

}
Assignment Operators

• The assignment operators are used to assign right-hand side value

(Rvalue) to the left-hand side variable (Lvalue).
Example 9- Assignment Operators

public class AssignmentOperators {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 10, b = 20, c;

boolean x = true;
System.out.println("a = " + a + ", b = " + b);
a += b;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
a -= b;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
a *= b;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
a /= b;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
a %= b;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
x |= (a>b);
System.out.println("x = " + x);
x &= (a>b);
System.out.println("x = " + x);
}
}
Bitwise Operators
• The bitwise operators are used to perform bit-level operations in the
java programming language.

• In the bitwise operators, the operations are performed based on

binary values.
Bitwise Operators
Example 10 - Bitwise Operators

public class BitwiseOperators {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 25, b = 20;

System.out.println(a + " & " + b + " = " + (a & b));

System.out.println(a + " | " + b + " = " + (a | b));

System.out.println(a + " ^ " + b + " = " + (a ^ b));

System.out.println("~" + a + " = " + ~a);

System.out.println(a + ">>" + 2 + " = " + (a>>2));

System.out.println(a + "<<" + 2 + " = " + (a<<2));

System.out.println(a + ">>>" + 2 + " = " + (a>>>2));

}

}
Program to find a no ODD or EVEN

public class Main{

public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=20;
if((a&1)==0)
System.out.println("Even NO");
else
System.out.println("ODD NO");
}
}
public class Main{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=20;
System.out.println("a * 2 is:"+(a<<1));
System.out.println("a / 2 is:"+(a>>1));
System.out.println("a / 8 is:"+(a>>3));
}
}
To check a no is powers of 2 or not

public class Main{

public static void main(String[] args) {
int a=128;
if((a&a-1)==0)
System.out.println(a+" is power of 2 ");
else
System.out.println(a+" is not power of 2");
}
}
Bitwise Operators - Signed right shift operator(>>) vs Un - Signed right shift operator(>>>)

• The signed right shift operator '>>' uses the sign bit to fill the trailing positions.
• The unsigned right shift operator ‘>>>' do not use the sign bit to fill the trailing positions.
It always fills the trailing positions by 0s.
• Assume if a = 60 and b = -60; now in binary format, they will be as follows −
a = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1100 (60)
b = 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1100 0100(-60)
In Java, negative numbers are stored as 2's complement.

a >> 1 = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1110 (30)
b >> 1 = 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 0010 (-30)
a >>> 1 = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1110 (30)
b >>> 1 = 0111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 0010 (2147483618)
Bitwise Operators - Signed right shift operator(>>) vs Un - Signed
right shift operator(>>>)

public class BitwiseOperators {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 60, b = -60;

System.out.println(a + ">>" + 2 + " = " + (a>>1));
System.out.println(a + ">>" + 2 + " = " + (b>>1));
System.out.println(a + ">>>" + 2 + " = " + (a>>>1));
System.out.println(a + ">>>" + 2 + " = " + (b>>>1));
}

}
Conditional Operators / Ternary Operator

• ?:  is called a ternary operator because it requires three operands.

• First, It will verify a condition, then perform one operation out of the
two operations based on the condition result.
• If the condition is TRUE the first option is performed, if the condition is
FALSE the second option is performed.
• Syntax
Condition ? TRUE Part : FALSE Part;
public class ConditionalOperator {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 10, b = 20, c;

c = (a>b)? a : b;

System.out.println("c = " + c);

}

}
Java expressions

• An expression is a construct which is made up of literals, variables,

method calls and operators
Expression evaluation in Java is based upon the following concepts:
• Type promotion rules ( Type casting)
• Operator precedence
• Associativity rules

• Ex: int a=34+67*12%34&(23+67)/34^56;

public class ConditionalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 50, b = 20,c;
double d;
System.out.println(a++);
System.out.println(++b);
d=a/b;
System.out.println(d);
d=(double)a/b;
System.out.println(d);
c=a+b*(34/56-23*b+a);
System.out.println(c);
}
}
Thank you