Social Stratification (Abubakar)

Social Stratification
• In all societies people differ from each other on the

basis of their age, gender and personal
characteristics.
• Human society is not homogeneous but
heterogeneous.
• Apart from the natural differences, human beings
are also differentiated according to socially approved
criteria.
Definition
• Sutherland and Maxwell ;
Social stratification is defined as a process of
differentiation that places some people higher than the
others.
Systems of stratification
• Social stratification occurs when a society has a
number of different “layers” of people within it who
have different statuses. In other words, social
stratification exists if there are different groups of
people who have different levels of such things as
power, prestige, and wealth. All societies have social
stratification. These are the different systems of
social stratification.
• The major systems of stratification are slavery,
estate systems, caste systems, and class systems.
Slavery
• Slavery is a system in which people are

bought and sold as property, forced to
work, or held in captivity against their
will.
• The most closed system is slavery, or the
ownership of people, which has been
quite common in human history. Slavery
is thought to have begun 10,000 years
ago, after agricultural societies
developed, as people in these societies
made prisoners of war work on their
farms.
Continued--
• Many of the ancient lands of the Middle East,
including Babylonia, Egypt, and Persia, also owned
slaves, as did ancient China and India. Slavery
especially flourished in ancient Greece and Rome,
which used thousands of slaves for their trade
economies.
Continued--
• Today’s slaves include
(a) Men first taken as prisoners of war in ethnic
conflicts
(b) Girls and women captured in wartime or kidnapped
from their neighborhoods and used as prostitutes
(c) Children sold by their parents to become child
laborers
(d) Workers paying off debts that are abused and even
tortured and too terrified to leave.
Estate Systems
• Estate systems are characterized
by control of land and were
common in Europe and Asia during
the Middle Ages and into the
1800s. In these systems, two major
estates existed: the landed gentry
or nobility and the peasantry or
serfs. The landed gentry owned
huge expanses of land on which
serfs toiled.
Continued--
• The serfs had more freedom than slaves had but typically
lived in poverty and were subject to arbitrary control by
the nobility.
• Much of Asia, especially China and Japan, also had estate
systems. For centuries, China’s large population lived as
peasants in miserable conditions and frequently engaged
in peasant uprisings. These escalate starting in the 1850s
after the Chinese government raised taxes and charged
peasants higher rents for the land on which they worked.
After many more decades of political and economic
conflict, Communists took control of China in 1949.
Caste Systems
• In a caste system, people are born into

unequal groups based on their parents’
status and remain in these groups for the
rest of their lives.
• Caste systems are closed stratification
systems in which people can do little or
nothing to change their social standing.
A caste system is one in which people are
born into their social standing and will
remain in it their whole lives.
Continued--
• People are assigned occupations regardless of their
talents, interests, or potential. There are virtually no
opportunities to improve a person’s social position.
• India’s caste system is the most widely-known
example of a society that is stratified by caste.,
people were expected to work in the occupation of
their caste and to enter into marriage according to
their caste.
Class System
• A class system is based on both
social factors and individual
achievement. A class consists of a
set of people who share similar
status with regard to factors like
wealth, income, education, and
occupation. Unlike caste systems,
class systems are open. People are
free to gain a different level of
education or employment than
their parents.
Continued--
• This is, for the most part, what we have today.

People in our society are stratified based on how
much material wealth they have. We tend to give
more power and prestige to those who have more
money or more of other forms of wealth.
Dimensions of social
stratification
Different kind of scare resources is distributed
unequally in a society. We could rank the people on
the basis of how each kind of the scare resources is
distributed. According to the Max, there are three
major dimensions of the stratification they are as
follows
Political/Power Dimension
• When we talk about the political

dimension of the stratification of the
social inequality, we are mostly talking
about the unequal distribution of the
power. Power is the ability to affect
the action of others, even when others
resists. Power may be exercised in the
individuals, group or the societal level.
On the societal level, power means
the ability to make the decision in
which whole societies are affected.
Power can be defined as the ability to
get people to behave as we want to
behave them.
Economic Dimension
• The economic dimension of

stratification concern the money and
the things one can buy. It includes the
two key variable income and the
wealth, which are related but not the
same. Income refers to the amount of
money that the person or the family
receives over some defined period of
the time, usually a calendar year.
Wealth refers to the total value of
everything that a person or the family
owns; minus any debts owed.
Social prestige Dimension
The third dimension of the

stratification is social prestige,
sometimes referred to as status; this
dimension has to do with what
people think of you. If people think
highly of you and you are well
known, you have the high level of
status. If the people think poorly of
you, you have the low level of the
prestige. Prestige is the scare
resources.

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Social Stratification

• In all societies people differ from each other on the

• Slavery is a system in which people are

• In a caste system, people are born into

• This is, for the most part, what we have today.

• When we talk about the political

• The economic dimension of

The third dimension of the

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