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    Designing ERDs

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    motihama12
    The ERD models the entities and relationships in a local clinic. Entities include Doctor, Patient, Nurse, and Clerk. Relationships include a patient reporting to the clerk, a nurse prescribing medication or treating a patient, and a doctor attending patients requiring specialist care.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Designing ERDs

    Uploaded by

    motihama12
    14 views23 pages
    The ERD models the entities and relationships in a local clinic. Entities include Doctor, Patient, Nurse, and Clerk. Relationships include a patient reporting to the clerk, a nurse prescribing medication or treating a patient, and a doctor attending patients requiring specialist care.

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    The ERD models the entities and relationships in a local clinic. Entities include Doctor, Patient, Nurse, and Clerk. Relationships include a patient reporting to the clerk, a nurse prescribing medication or treating a patient, and a doctor attending patients requiring specialist care.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    14 views23 pages

    Designing ERDs

    Uploaded by

    motihama12
    The ERD models the entities and relationships in a local clinic. Entities include Doctor, Patient, Nurse, and Clerk. Relationships include a patient reporting to the clerk, a nurse prescribing medication or treating a patient, and a doctor attending patients requiring specialist care.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Diagrams 1

    ERD
    Data Focused view of an IS
    Defining an ERD 2

     An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) is a visual representation of different entities within a


    system and how they relate to each other
     ERDs help to identify different system elements and their relationships with each other
     They are widely used to design relational databases.
     The entities in the ERD become tables, attributes and are converted into the database schema.
     Their ability to visualize database tables and their relationships enable their use in database
    troubleshooting.
    Symbols Used 3

    Entity

    Relationship

    Attribute
    ER-Diagrams: General Information 4

     ER-diagrams are a formalism to model real-world scenarios


     ERDs focus on the data while DFDs focus on processes
     There are many versions of ER-diagrams that differ both in their appearance and in
    their meaning
     ER-diagrams have a formal semantics (meaning) that must be thoroughly
    understood, in order to create correct diagrams
    Entities 5
    Entity:
     An object in the world that can be distinguished from other objects
     Can either be abstract or physical
     Examples of abstract entities: Course, Lesson
     Examples of physical entities: Student, Lecturer
    6
    Types of Entities
     Strong Entity
     Can exist on its own Employee
     Commonly modelled type of entity

     Weak Entity Dependent

     Exists in relation of a strong entity


     Borrows identity from strong entity
    Attributes
    7
     Attributes :used to describe entities
     All entities in the set have the same attributes
     A minimal set of attributes that uniquely identify an entity is called a primary key
     Primary keys are identified by underlining
    Studentnumber
     An attribute contains a single piece of information (and not a list of data)
    Types of attributes
     Simple attributes - single valued 8
    Stud_Id

     Multi-valued
     Has several vales Phone_num
     Person can have several numbers Street

     Composite attributes Address


     Can be broken down to components City

     Derived/calculated
    Tax
     Computed from other attributes
    9
    Example with attributes

    street city

    name address
    id DOB

    Student

    Entity with attributes, address is a composite attribute


    Relationships,
    10
     Relationship : Association among two or more entities
     Relationships may have attributes
     Examples of Relationships: has, does, teaches,
     A relationship can be described in 2 ways according to which entity we refer to
    first.
     Lecturer teaches a course or a course is taught by a lecturer
     Can be 1:1; 1:M; M:N
    Example ERD 11

    title
    birthday

    id
    M N
    Actor acts-in Film year

    name

    address type

    *The ERD here shows that several actors act in several films
    *This means, one actor is associated with many films, and one film is associated with a
    number of actors.
    Types of Relationships 12

     Refers to the number of entity types participating in a relationship


    i. Unary relationship
    ii. Binary relationship
    iii. Ternary relationship
    iv. -----
    Types of Relationships 13

    i. Unary – One entity participates in the relationship

    phone
    number
    manages

    id

    Employee Manages
    worker
    name

    address
    Binary

    14
    Relates two entities
     Can be 1: 1; 1 : M; M:N

    id 1 M
    Director Directs Film title

    name

    Suggest meaningful examples of 1:1 and M:N relationships


    Ternary Relationship
    15

    Item_Id

    Item Supp_Id
    Cust_Id

    Customer orders Supplier

    • Ternary relationship relates three entities


    • A customer orders items from a supplier
    • We have left out other attributes to avoid clutter
    Steps in Producing an ERD 16

    1. Identify all objects about which data is to be stored


    2. For each object identify all attributes to be stored
    3. Construct a cross reference matrix of all pairs of objects &
    identify possible relationships.
    4. Draw a basic ERD showing all the possible relationships, without
    the degrees
    5. Indicate the degrees of the relationships on the diagram, 1:1;,
    1:M; & M;N
    Example: Step1 Entity Identification 17

    Suppose in a university the following entities exist:


     Student
     Course
     Sponsor
     Department
    Step 2: Identifying Attributes 18

    Student: Stud_Id, Name, Address, Gender, Dob, Guardian


    Course: Course code, Course description, department, course leader
    Sponsor: Sponsor code, Address, Phone
    Department: Dept Name, Location, Number, Chairperson
    Step3: Cross Reference matrix 19

    Student Course Sponsor Dept

    Student Y Y Y

    Course N Y

    Sponsor N

    Dept
    Produce ERD 20

     Step 4 and 5 can be combined, that is produce the ERD from the
    matrix.
     Resolve M:N relationships
    Resulting ERD (Step 4 & Step 5) 21
    Stud_Id
    Stud_Id

    M N
    Student
    takes Course

    M
    M
    M
    has enr
    oll run by
    s- in
    Dept_Name
    Stud_Id N 1

    Sponsor 1
    Dept.
    Data analysis 22

     ERDs provide a basis for normalization


     The ERD is systematically translated to tables
     Tables are then normalized for data consistency (in database design)
    23
    Problem
    Activities in a local clinic are described as follows:
    There is one doctor who attends to all patients. Only patients needing specialist
    care are attended to by the doctor. All other patients are attended to by the nurses in
    the clinic. All patients arriving at the clinic report to the clinic clerk. There is only
    one clerk at the clinic. Once patients get their clinic cards from the clerk, they
    report to the consulting nurse, who prescribes the medication for minor illnesses.
    Patients with minor illnesses are treated by the nurse stationed at the treatment
    room. Patients requiring doctor’s care are booked for the doctor who comes twice a
    week.
    Task: Produce an ERD for the description of the clinic environment.

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