Mod 2 Lec PART 1

CAREGIVING NCII
Module 2: Safety and Healthy

Environment
PART 1
Darwin M. Panganiban, PTRP

MODULE 2: SAFE AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
UNIT OF 1. Practice occupational health and safety procedures.
COMPETENCIES 2. Implement and monitor infection control policies and procedures
MODULE TITLE Safe and Healthy Environment
MODULE DESCRIPTOR This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes:
in promoting safe & healthy environment by:
1. Knowing and complying with the requirements for occupational health
and safety such as identifying, evaluating and maintaining OH & S
awareness.
2. To implement and monitor infection control policy and procedures in
a specific work unit or team within an organization
NOMINAL DURATION 30 hours
CERTIFICATE LEVEL NC - II
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, the students must be able to:
• Identify & Evaluate hazards and risks

• Prevent &Control hazards and risks
• Maintain occupational health and safety awareness
• Provide information to the work group about the organization’s infection
control policies and procedures
• Integrate the organization’s infection control policy and procedure into work
practices
Methods of Teaching:
Lecture, Discussion and Demonstrations
Materials Needed:
1. Soap
2. Paper Towel
3. Nail Brush
4. Orange stick
5. Mask
6. Sterile Gloves
Grading System
Class Standing 40%
Final Exam 30%
Quizzes 20%
Attendance 10%
Total 100%
SCHEDULE
Day 1 Day 4
 Orientation & Introduction  Common Injuries at Home and
 Asepsis Environment
 Post Quiz  Safety Precautions
 Group Activity
Day 2 Day 5
 Asepsis  FWE
 Demonstration  Final Demo
 Post Quiz
Day 3
 Hazard in the Environment
 Hazard Symbols
 Post Quiz
Introduction
• As member of the Allied health care team, our main concern is the
safety & security of our client. It is our utmost responsibility that our
patient should be safe all the time. Safe from any potential threat or
hazard and free from any infections that he can acquire in the
environment. As CG we must observe the necessary precautions and
abide the standard policies on how to maintain safe & healthy
environment.
ASEPSIS
• Sample Case:
This is the case of Mr. D. M. 70 y/o male, diabetic, hypertensive
patient. Client was recently admitted to the hospital because of his
diabetic ulceration on left ankle. After few days, he was discharged to
the hospital because the wound was already responding very well on
the medications. As his CG you were given instructions on how to care
for his wound including the proper cleaning & dressing of it. The wound
is already free from any infection upon his discharged. Now it is your
job to avoid possible re infection while it is in healing process. Your
basic knowledge on aseptic practice and infection control is essential in
this task.
• Reflective Questions:
• 1. How will I prevent the possible occurrence of re – infection in my

client?
• 2. What are the important considerations in infection control?
• 3. What are the precautions that I should observe to prevent cross
infection?
DEFINITION OF TERMS
TERMINOLOGY DEFINITION
infection  Is an invasion of body tissue by microorganisms & their
proliferation there.
infectious agent  Such a microorganism that invade the body tissue
asymptomatic or subclinical  If the microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease

disease  A detectable alteration in normal tissue function
virulence  The ability of the microorganism to produce disease.
communicable disease  If the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by

direct or indirect contact through a vector or vehicle or as an
airborne infection
pathogenicity  Is the potential ability to produce disease
asepsis  Is the freedom from disease causing microorganisms

sepsis  Is the state of infection & can take many forms including septic
shock.
TWO BASIC TYPES OF ASEPSIS
A. MEDICAL ASEPSIS OR CLEAN TECHNIQUE
• Includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to
a specific area, limiting the number, growth & transmission of
microorganisms.
In medical asepsis, objects are referred to as:
• CLEAN = the absence of almost all microorganisms
• DIRTY = soiled, contaminated, likely to have microorganisms, some of
which may be capable of causing infection.
TWO BASIC TYPES OF ASEPSIS
B. SURGICAL ASEPSIS OR STERILE TECHNIQUE
• Refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of all
microorganisms
• It includes practices that destroy all microorganisms & spores.
• Is used for all procedures involving the sterile areas of the body.
• TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS CAUSING INFECTIONS
Four major categories of microorganisms cause infection in humans:

1. ____bacteria_________
2. _____fungi____________
3. _____virus___________
4. ____parasites_____________
TYPES OF INFECTIONS
COLONIZATION is the process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora. In this state the microorganisms may
grow & multiply but do not cause disease.
The types of infections are:
1. LACALIZED INFECTION = is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.
2. SYSTEMIC INFECTION = the microorganisms spread & damage different parts of the body.
 When a culture of the person’s blood reveals microorganisms the condition is called BACTEREMIA
 When bacteremia results in systemic infection, it is referred to as SEPTICEMIA
3. ACUTE INFECTION = generally appear suddenly or last a short time.
4. CHRONIC INFECTION = may occur slowly over a very long period and may last months or years.
5. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION = infections that are associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility.
• ENDOGENOUS SOURCE if the microorganisms that cause nosocomial originate from client themselves
• EXOGENOUS SOURCE if the microorganisms that cause nosocomial originate from the hospital environment and hospital
personnel.
• IATROGENIC INFECTIONS are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
METHOD OF TRANSMISSION
After it leaves its source, it requires a means of transmission to reach
another host. There are Three mechanisms:
1. Direct transmission = involves immediate & direct transfer of microorganisms
from person to person.
2. Indirect transmission= utilize a medium, that is either vehicle – borne or
vector - borne.
VEHICLE - BORNE = is any substance that serves as an intermediate
means to transport & introduce an infectious agent into susceptible host.
VECTOR – BORNE = is an animal or insect that serves as intermediate
means of transporting the infectious agent.
3. Airborne = may involve droplets or dust.
BODY DEFENSES AGAINST
INFECTION
Individuals normally have defenses that protect the body from
infection
These are categorized as:
1. non-specific defense = protect the person against all microorganisms

regardless of prior exposure
2. Specific or immune defense = are directed against identifiable bacteria,

viruses, fungi or other infectious agents
FACTORS INCREASING
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION
1. Age
2. Heredity
3. Level of stress
4. Nutritional status
5. Current medical therapy
6. Preexisting disease process
SUPPORTING DEFENSES OF A
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
• The following can reduce a person’s susceptibility:
1. Good hygiene
2. Proper nutrition
3. Proper fluid intake
4. Adequate rest n sleep
5. Managing and avoiding stress
6. Use of immunization
CLEANING, DISINFECTING &
STERILIZING
First links in the chain of infection, the etiologic agent & the source
are interrupted by the use of antiseptics & disinfectants.
• ANTISEPTICS ___agent that inhibit the growth of some
microorganisms
• DISINFECTANTS _agents that destroy pathogens other than spores
CLEANING
• ____________________________________________________
• The following steps should be followed when cleaning objects in a
hospital.
STEPS RATIONALE
1. Rinse the article with cold water to remove organic Hot water coagulate the protein of organic
material. material & tends to make it adhere
2. Wash the article in hot water & soap The emulsifying action of soap reduces
surface tension & facilitates the removal of
substance. Washing dislodges the
emulsified substance.
3. Use an abrasive, such as stiff – bristled brush to clean Friction helps dislodge foreign material.
equipment with grooves & corners.
4. Rinse the article well with warm or hot water
5. Dry the article; it is now considered clean
6. Clean the brush & sink.
B. DISINFECTING
• is a chemical preparation such as phenol or iodine compounds.
• Frequently caustic & toxic to tissues.
• Have both bactericidal & bacteriostatic properties.
C. STERILIZING
• Is a process that destroy all microorganisms including spores &
viruses.
Four Commonly Used Methods are:

1. Moist heat
2. Gas
3. Boiling water
4. Radiation
End of part 1.

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CAREGIVING NCII

Module 2: Safety and Healthy

Darwin M. Panganiban, PTRP

MODULE TITLE Safe and Healthy Environment

NOMINAL DURATION 30 hours

• Identify & Evaluate hazards and risks

Final Exam 30%

• 1. How will I prevent the possible occurrence of re – infection in my

asymptomatic or subclinical  If the microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease

virulence  The ability of the microorganism to produce disease.

communicable disease  If the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by

asepsis  Is the freedom from disease causing microorganisms

Four major categories of microorganisms cause infection in humans:

1. non-specific defense = protect the person against all microorganisms

2. Specific or immune defense = are directed against identifiable bacteria,

• The following can reduce a person’s susceptibility:

Four Commonly Used Methods are:

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