Chapter 2

Network Models

1
 Outline
• Packet vs. circuit switching
• Layered tasks
• Internet protocol suites
• ISO's OSI model

2
 Communication: App's Viewpoint
• Two network applications interact as if there
is a dedicate pipe connecting them
App App
A B
Internet

• But what's going on underneath?

– What is inside the "cloud"?
3
 Circuit vs. Packet Switching
• Dedicated circuits
• Circuit switching
– Telephone switches
establish circuits
for communication
• Packet switching
– Data are put into
packets telephone
switch
– Each stamped with
source and destination
addresses
– Routers know where to
forward packets
Packet Router
4
 Layered Tasks
• Computer networks are complex systems
– Tasks involve varieties of hardware and software
components, and protocols

• Networking task is divided into several

subtasks, or layers

5
 Real World Example
• Communication between managers of two
companies

Communicate

6
 What Actually Happens
• Communication takes place thru many layers
Logical communication

Secretary:
Secretary: reads and reports
types a letter the message

Delivery boy: Delivery boy:

drops the letter takes the letter

Postal truck

Post office:
Processes and routes the letter
7
 Layer Model
• Layer N uses services provided by Layer N-1
HOST A HOST B
Logical
communication path
Layer N Layer N
Layer N protocol
Using
services Providing
services

Layer N-1 Layer N-1

Layer N-2 Layer N-2

Virtual Communication System

8
 Internet Layer Model
• The Internet Protocol Stack
User
Application Layer Software

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Hardware

Transmission
Medium
9
 Application Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for providing
providing services
services to
to the
the user
user
• The only layer to interact with user

Data Data
Logical communication

Application SMTP HTTP FTP SMTP HTTP FTP

Layer
Data H5 Data H5

to Transport from Transport

10
 Transport Layer

Responsible
Responsible for
for delivery
delivery of
of aa message
message
from
from one
one process
process to
to another
another

11
 Network Layer

Responsible
Responsible for
for the
the delivery
delivery ofof packets
packets
from
from the
the original
original source
source toto the
the destination
destination

12
 Data 1.1 5.7
Network Layer
1.1 1.2
Network 1

R1
6.1
Network 6

6.6 6.3
R3
R2 5.2
Router
3.3
Network 5
5.7
Network 3
3.8

13
 Data Link Layer

Responsible
Responsible for
for transmitting
transmitting frames
frames
from
from one
one node
node toto the
the next
next

14
 Physical Layer

Responsible
Responsible for
for transmitting
transmitting individual
individual bits
bits
from
from one
one node
node to
to the
the next
next

15
 The Big Picture

L5 data H5 5 5 L5 data H5

L4 data H4 4 4 L4 data H4

L3 data H3 3 3 L3 data H3

T2 L2 data H2 2 2 T2 L2 data H2

0111011010101001010101001 1 1 0111010101010010101010101

Transmission medium
16
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

17
 Internet Model

sender router
router receiver

Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical

Transmission medium 18
 OSI Model
User • OSI – Open Systems
7.Application Layer Interconnection
6.Presentation Layer • Developed by the International
Standards Organizations (ISO)
5.Session Layer
4.Transport Layer
3.Network Layer • Two additional layers
2.Data Link Layer – Presentation layer
1.Physical Layer – Session layer

Transmission
Medium
19
 Session Layer

Responsible
Responsible for
for establishing,
establishing, managing
managing and
and
terminating
terminating connections
connections between
between applications
applications

20
 Presentation Layer

Responsible
Responsible for
for handling
handling differences
differences in
in
data
data representation
representation to
to applications
applications

21
An exchange using the OSI model

22