Spread spectrum modulation spreads baseband signals over a larger bandwidth through the use of a higher frequency spreading signal. This spreads the signal energy over a wider bandwidth, making it appear as noise to unintended receivers. There are two main types of spread spectrum modulation: frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) rapidly switches the carrier among many frequency channels, while direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) spreads the baseband signal across the bandwidth through multiplication with a pseudo-random code sequence. Code division multiple access (CDMA) allows multiple users to share the same frequency spectrum through the use of unique spreading codes.
Spread spectrum modulation spreads baseband signals over a larger bandwidth through the use of a higher frequency spreading signal. This spreads the signal energy over a wider bandwidth, making it appear as noise to unintended receivers. There are two main types of spread spectrum modulation: frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) rapidly switches the carrier among many frequency channels, while direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) spreads the baseband signal across the bandwidth through multiplication with a pseudo-random code sequence. Code division multiple access (CDMA) allows multiple users to share the same frequency spectrum through the use of unique spreading codes.
Spread spectrum modulation spreads baseband signals over a larger bandwidth through the use of a higher frequency spreading signal. This spreads the signal energy over a wider bandwidth, making it appear as noise to unintended receivers. There are two main types of spread spectrum modulation: frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) rapidly switches the carrier among many frequency channels, while direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) spreads the baseband signal across the bandwidth through multiplication with a pseudo-random code sequence. Code division multiple access (CDMA) allows multiple users to share the same frequency spectrum through the use of unique spreading codes.
Spread spectrum modulation spreads baseband signals over a larger bandwidth through the use of a higher frequency spreading signal. This spreads the signal energy over a wider bandwidth, making it appear as noise to unintended receivers. There are two main types of spread spectrum modulation: frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) rapidly switches the carrier among many frequency channels, while direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) spreads the baseband signal across the bandwidth through multiplication with a pseudo-random code sequence. Code division multiple access (CDMA) allows multiple users to share the same frequency spectrum through the use of unique spreading codes.
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Spread Spectrum Modulation
Spread Spectrum • The term "spread spectrum" refers to the expansion of signal bandwidth, by several orders of magnitude.
• The formal definition of spread spectrum is : An RF communications
system in which the baseband signal bandwidth is intentionally spread over a larger bandwidth by injecting a higher frequency signal.
• As a direct consequence, energy used in transmitting the
signal is spread over a wider bandwidth, and appears as noise.
• The ratio (in dB) between the spread baseband and the original signal is called processing gain. Typical spread-spectrum processing gains run from 10dB to 60dB. Spread-Spectrum Communication System
Figure . Spread-spectrum communication system.
Bandwidth Effects of the Spreading Operation • Spread-spectrum modulation is applied on top of a conventional modulation such as BPSK or direct conversion. One can demonstrate that all other signals not receiving the spread- spectrum code will remain as they are, that is, unspread.
Figure . Spreading operation spreads the signal energy over a wider frequency bandwidth. Bandwidth Effects of the Despreading Operation • Here a spread-spectrum demodulation has been made on top of the normal demodulation operations. One can also demonstrate that signals such as an interferer or jammer added during the transmission will be spread during the despreading operation
Figure . The despreading operation recovers the original signal.
Benefits of Spread Spectrum Resistance to Interference and Anti-jamming Effects • Resistance to interference is the most important advantage. Intentional or unintentional interference and jamming signals are rejected because they do not contain the spread-spectrum key. Only the desired signal, which has the key, will be seen at the receiver when the despreading operation is exercised.
Figure . A spread-spectrum communication system. Note that the interferer's energy
is spread while the data signal is despread in the receive chain. Contd., Resistance to Interception • Resistance to interception is the second advantage provided by spread-spectrum techniques. Because nonauthorized listeners do not have the key used to spread the original signal, those listeners cannot decode it. Without the right key, the spread-spectrum signal appears as noise or as an interferer.
Figure . Spread-spectrum signal is buried under the noise level. The receiver cannot "see" the transmission without the right spread-spectrum keys. Contd., Resistance to Fading (Multipath Effects) • Wireless channels often include multiple-path propagation in which the signal has more than one path from the transmitter to the receiver. Such multipaths can be caused by atmospheric reflection or refraction, and by reflection from the ground or from objects such as buildings
Figure . Illustration of how the signal can reach the receiver over multiple paths. Contd., Spread Spectrum Allows CDMA • Multiple access capability is needed in cellular telephone and personal communication applications, where many users share a band of frequencies, because there is no enough available bandwidth to assign a permanent frequency channel to each user. Spread spectrum techniques can provide the simultaneous use of a wide frequency band via code division multiple access( CDMA) General Model of Spread Spectrum System Spread Spectrum Concept • Input fed into channel encoder — Produces narrow bandwidth analog signal around central frequency • Signal modulated using sequence of digits — Spreading code/sequence — Typically generated by pseudonoise/pseudorandom number generator • Increases bandwidth significantly — Spreads spectrum • Receiver uses same sequence to demodulate signal • Demodulated signal fed into channel decoder Gains • Immunity from various noise and multipath distortion —Including jamming • Can hide/encrypt signals —Only receiver who knows spreading code can retrieve signal • Several users can share same higher bandwidth with little interference —Cellular telephones —Code division multiplexing (CDM) —Code division multiple access (CDMA) Pseudorandom Numbers • Generated by algorithm using initial seed • Deterministic algorithm —Not actually random —If algorithm good, results pass reasonable tests of randomness • Need to know algorithm and seed to predict sequence Types • Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a form of spread spectrum in which the signal is broadcast over a seemingly random series of radio frequencies, hopping from frequency to frequency at fixed intervals.
• Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a form of spread
spectrum in which each bit in the original signal is represented by multiple bits in the transmitted signal, using a spreading code.
• Code division multiple access (CDMS-DSSS) exploits the
nature of spread spectrum transmission to enable multiple users to independently use the same bandwidth with very little interference. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) • Signal broadcast over seemingly random series of frequencies hopping from frequency to frequency at fixed intervals.
• Receiver hops between frequencies in sync with
transmitter
• Jamming on one frequency affects only a few
bits Basic Operation • Typically 2k carriers frequencies forming 2k channels • Channel spacing corresponds with bandwidth of input • Each channel used for fixed interval —300 ms in IEEE 802.11 —Some number of bits transmitted using some encoding scheme • May be fractions of bit —Sequence dictated by spreading code Frequency Hopping Example Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System (Transmitter) Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System (Receiver) Contd., Let us give an example of how this works, using BFSK as the data modulation scheme. We can define the FSK input to the FHSS system as Contd., Contd., FHSS Using MFSK A common modulation technique used in conjunction with FHSS is multiple FSK (MFSK). MFSK uses different frequencies to encode the digital input L bits at a time. The transmitted signal is of the form Contd., • For FHSS, the MFSK signal is translated to a new frequency every Tc seconds by modulating the MFSK signal with the FHSS carrier signal.
• The effect is to translate the MFSK signal into the appropriate FHSS channel. For a data rate of R, the duration of a bit is T = 1/R seconds and the duration of a signal element is Ts = LT seconds.
• If Tc is greater than or equal to Ts the spreading modulation is referred to
as slow-frequency-hop spread spectrum; otherwise it is known as fast- frequency-hop spread spectrum.
• To summarize, Example Slow Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum Using MFSK (M=4, k=2) Contd., Fast Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum Using MFSK (M=4, k=2) FHSS Performance Considerations Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) • Each bit represented by multiple bits using spreading code • Spreading code spreads signal across wider frequency band — In proportion to number of bits used — 10 bit spreading code spreads signal across 10 times bandwidth of 1 bit code • One method: — Combine input with spreading code using XOR — Input bit 1 inverts spreading code bit — Input zero bit doesn’t alter spreading code bit — Data rate equal to original spreading code • Performance similar to FHSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Example Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Transmitter Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Transmitter Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Using BPSK Example Contd.,
A BPSK signal can be represented as was shown in Equation
Contd., DSSS Performance Considerations Approximate Spectrum of DSSS Signal
Figure 9.9 Approximate
Spectrum of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signal Contd., Contd., Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Chip Time and Bandwidth Expansion in CDMA Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., CDMA for DSSS • n users each using different orthogonal PN sequence • Modulate each users data stream —Using BPSK • Multiply by spreading code of user CDMA in a DSSS Environment Seven Channel CDMA Encoding and Decoding PN Sequence Generation Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Properties (or) Characteristics of PN Sequences Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd., Contd.,
