Compass Surveying
Compass Surveying
Compass Surveying
In this instrument,
needle the remains
a in position
position
fixed of (the
the magnetic
south to north line),
while the two upper
graduated circles,
together with the line of
sight, rotate about the
vertical axis.
Prismatic compass
This surveyor's compass
consists of a long, thin, pointed
needle of magnetized steel with
a small conical-shaped bearing
of agate material at the centre.
The bearing works on a pointed
pivot of hard steel carried at the
centre of the low cylindrical metal
box (140mm in diameter).
Attached to the opposite ends of
this box are two sighting vanes
with two slow motion screws and
clamps which enable a definite
line of sight to be defined or laid
out.
The instrument can either be screwed on to a tripod or
remain hand-held for the purpose of measuring magnetic
bearings.
The metal box carries inside quadrants 0-90 degrees,
with the N and S directions identified as zero points
and the E and W directions are labelled as 90 degrees
each.
The lower horizontal circle can read to 3 minutes
directly
on the vernier.
A disc of glass, fitting on top of the metal case,
protects the needle and graduated circles.
The compass centered over station A of the line AB and
is
leveled.
Having turned vertically the prism and sighting vane, raise
or lower the prism until the graduations on the rings are
clear and look through the prism.
Turn the compass box until the ranging rod at the
station B is bisected by hair when looked through the
prism.
Turn the compass box above the prism and note
the reading at which the hair line produced appears to cut
the images of the graduated ring which gives the
bearing of line AB.
.
There are commonly two bearing
systems are used:
QUADRANTAL SYSTEM:
In this system the bearing of a line is measured eastward or
westward from north or south whichever is
directions near. The can be either
depending upon
clock the position
wiseof the
or line.anti
clockwise
Every line has two bearings one observed at each
end of the line.
The bearing of the line in the direction of progress
of the survey is called Fore Bearing (FB), while the
bearing in the opposite direction is called Back
Bearing (BB).
Therefore BB of a line differs from FB by
exactly
180o.
Difference
Prismatic compass Surveyor’s compass
The graduated ring is The graduated ring and
attached to the magnetic needle are free to move
needle. w.r.t each other.
Instrumental errors
Personal errors
• Variation in declination
• Local attraction due to proximity of local attraction
forces.
• Magnetic changes in the atmosphere due to
clouds and storms.
• Irregular variations due to magnetic storms
etc.