Compass Surveying

 In Compass survey chain or tape is used for
linear measurements and compass is used for

fixing direction.
 In compass suspended magnetic

freely
directs to north- south and needle bearing
the obtained by line of sight. of line
is
 The principle of compass surveying is traversing;which
involves a series of connected lines.
 The magnetic bearings of the lines are measured by

prismatic compass and the distances of the lines (i.e.
AB,BC,CD,DE,EA) are measured by chain.
 Such survey does not require the formation of a

network
of triangles.
Traverse
Traversing
 When large area are involved, compass surveying
is used.
 Traversing is that type of survey in which a number
of connecting survey lines form the frame work and
directions and lengths
the of the
measured survey lines are with the help of
instrument and a tape respectively.
an angle
 When the lines measuring
form a circuit which ends at the starting
point, it is known as a closed traverse.
 If the circuit ends elsewhere, it is said to be an open
traverse.
EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD
EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD
Magnetic declination: The horizontal angle between the

magnetic meridian and true meridian is known as magnetic
declination.
Dip of the magnetic needle: If the needle is perfectly
balanced before magnetisation, it does not remain in the
balanced position after it is magnetised. This is due to the
magnetic influence of the earth. The needle is found to be
inclined towards the pole. This inclination of the needle
with the horizontal is known as dip of the magnetic
needle.
Prismatic compass
 In this instrument,
needle the remains
a in position
position
fixed of (the
the magnetic
south to north line),
while the two upper
graduated circles,
together with the line of
sight, rotate about the
vertical axis.
Prismatic compass
 This surveyor's compass
consists of a long, thin, pointed
needle of magnetized steel with
a small conical-shaped bearing
of agate material at the centre.
 The bearing works on a pointed
pivot of hard steel carried at the
centre of the low cylindrical metal
box (140mm in diameter).
 Attached to the opposite ends of
this box are two sighting vanes
with two slow motion screws and
clamps which enable a definite
line of sight to be defined or laid
out.
 The instrument can either be screwed on to a tripod or
remain hand-held for the purpose of measuring magnetic
bearings.
 The metal box carries inside quadrants 0-90 degrees,
with the N and S directions identified as zero points
and the E and W directions are labelled as 90 degrees
each.
 The lower horizontal circle can read to 3 minutes
directly
on the vernier.
 A disc of glass, fitting on top of the metal case,
protects the needle and graduated circles.
 The compass centered over station A of the line AB and
is
leveled.
 Having turned vertically the prism and sighting vane, raise
or lower the prism until the graduations on the rings are
clear and look through the prism.
 Turn the compass box until the ranging rod at the
station B is bisected by hair when looked through the
prism.
 Turn the compass box above the prism and note
the reading at which the hair line produced appears to cut
the images of the graduated ring which gives the
bearing of line AB.
.
There are commonly two bearing
systems are used:
 WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING:

In this system the bearing of a line measured with the
magnetic north in clockwise direction. The value of bearing
thus varies from 0o to 360o.
 QUADRANTAL SYSTEM:
In this system the bearing of a line is measured eastward or
westward from north or south whichever is
directions near. The can be either
depending upon
clock the position
wiseof the
or line.anti
clockwise
 Every line has two bearings one observed at each
end of the line.
 The bearing of the line in the direction of progress
of the survey is called Fore Bearing (FB), while the
bearing in the opposite direction is called Back
Bearing (BB).
 Therefore BB of a line differs from FB by
exactly
180o.
Difference
Prismatic compass Surveyor’s compass
The graduated ring is The graduated ring and
attached to the magnetic needle are free to move
needle. w.r.t each other.
Graduation are marked 0⁰ Graduation are marked 0⁰

and 360⁰ in clockwise to 90⁰ in each quadrant.
direction.
0⁰ is marked at south,180⁰ In this compass , East
at north,90⁰ at west and and
270⁰ is marked at east. West is interchanged.
It measures or gives It measures or gives Q.B.
W.C.B. of a line. of a line.
The errors may be classified as
 Instrumental errors
 Personal errors
 Errors due to natural causes

 They are those which rise due to the faulty
adjustments of the instruments. They may be
due to the following reasons:
• The needle not being perfectly straight.
• Pivot being bent
• Sluggish needle
• Blunt pivot point
• Improper balancing weight
• Plane of sight not being vertical
• Line of sight not passing through the center of
graduated ring
 They may be due to the following reasons:
 Inaccurate leveling of the compass box.
 Inaccurate centering.
 Inaccurate bisection of signals.
 Carelessness in reading and recording.
• They may be due to following reasons:
• Variation in declination
• Local attraction due to proximity of local attraction
forces.
• Magnetic changes in the atmosphere due to
clouds and storms.
• Irregular variations due to magnetic storms
etc.

Compass Surveying

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 In Compass survey chain or tape is used for

linear measurements and compass is used for

 In compass suspended magnetic

 The magnetic bearings of the lines are measured by

 Such survey does not require the formation of a

Magnetic declination: The horizontal angle between the

 WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING:

Graduation are marked 0⁰ Graduation are marked 0⁰

 Errors due to natural causes

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