Weekly Assessment

PD INPUTS
FLOOR PLAN &
BASIC LINUX
Presented by:
Apoorva
COMMANDS
Jigar Kumar Luhar

Susmita Bera
 CONTENTS
 PD inputs
 Floor planning
 Basic Linux Commands

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PD inputs
 Netlist
 Textual description of circuits components (like logic gates, combinational
circuits, sequential circuits), so netlist is a collection of gates.

 It contains the logical connectivity of all the cells.

 It can also be a collection of resistors, capacitors or transistors.

 Synopsys Design Constraints(SDC) :
 These are timing constraints and used to meet the timings.

constraints are :
 create clock definition
 generated clock definition
 Virtual clock
 input delay
 output delay
 Timing library/logical library (.lib):
 It contains timing information of standard cells, soft macros, hard macros.

 It contains Functionality information of standard cells and soft macros.

 Timing information like cell delay setup, hold, recovery, removal are
present.

 Design rules like max tran, max cap, max fanout, min cap are present
 Timing library/logical library (.lib):
 Cell delay is a function of input transition and output load and is
calculated based on lookup tables.It is calculated by Nonlinear Delay
Mode(NLDM) and composite current source(CCS)models.
 Physical Library(.lef) :
 It contains physical information of standard cells, macros, pads.

 Contain the name of the pin, pin location, pin layers, direction of pin(in,
out,inout), uses of pin (Signal, Power, Ground) site row, height and width
of the pin and cell.

 Contain the height of standard cell placement rows.

 Physical Library(.lef) :
 .lef contains two types of views

 CELL view: it is a full layout of the block and used at the time of tape out.

 FRAM view: this is an abstract view that has only the pins, metals, via and
blockages that are used in Placement & Route stages.
 Technology File :
 Contain the number of metal layers and vias and their name and
conventions.

 Design rules for metal layers like the width of metal layer and spacing
between two metal layers.

 Metal layers resistance and capacitance as well as routing grid.

 Unit, precision, color, and pattern of metal layer and via.

 TLU+(Table Lookup)
 It is a table containing wire cap at diffrent net length and spacing.

 contain RC coeficients for specific technology.

 TLU+ files are extracted or generated from ITF(contains interconnect

details) file results.
 TLU+(Table Lookup)

 The main function of this files are--

[a] . Extracted R, C parasitics of metal per unit length

[b] . These RC parasitics are used for calculating net delays.
[c]. If TLU+ files are not present these R,C parasitics extracted from.ITF files
[d]. For loading of TLU+ we have to load 3 files: 1. TLU+ 2. Min TLU+ 3. Max
TLU+
[e]. Map file maps the .itf file and .tf files of the layer and via names.
 Floor planning
 In physical design, the first step in RTL-to-GDSII design is floor planning.
 Floorplan is one of the critical & important step in Physical design.
Quality of your Chip / Design implementation depends on how good is
the Floorplan.
 Floorplan control Parameters :
1. Aspect Ratio = Height / Width
2. Utilization Factor = (Netlist Area) / Total Core Area
Netlist Area = standard cell area + macro area

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 Floor plan Inputs:
 Synthesis Netlist
 Physical Libraries
 Logic Libraries
 Timing constraints
 Power requirement
 Floor planning control parameters.

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 Floorplan Requirements
1. Basic design understating
2. Data flow diagram (DFA / Analyse logic connectivity in Synopsys ICC)
3. Integration guidelines
4. IO / Pin placement requirements
5. Special requirements from Full Chip floorplan
6. MV / LP requirements. Understanding of PDs & Vas

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 Types of Partitions/ Blocks
1. Memory intensive digital cores, graphic cores
2. Partitions / Blocks with analog Hard IPs
3. DDR & other High Speed Interface partitions / blocks / sub-systems
4. Channel partitions

 Partition with different critical task

1. Timing critical
2. Routing critical / Congestion
3. Blocks with complex Clock structure

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 Floorplan Techniques
1. Abutted (All inter block pin connections are done through FTs)
2. Non abutted (Channel based. All inter block pin connections are routed
in channels)
3. Mix of both – partially abutted with some channels

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 Floorplan Steps
1. Size & shape of the block (Usually provided by FC floorplan)
2. Voltage area creation (Power domains)
3. IO placement
4. Creating standard cell rows
5. Macro-placement
6. Adding routing & placement blockages (as required)
7. Adding power switches (Daisy chain)
8. Creating Power Mesh
9. Adding physical cells (Well taps, End Caps etc)

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 Floorplan steps
1. Size & shape of the block: In most of the case, block size & shape is
decided by FC floorplan. Rectangle/Square shape is best in terms of
floorplan & further design closure.
2. Voltage area creation: In multi-voltage & multi power domain designs,
voltage areas are required to guide the tool to understand different
domains.
Two methods to create voltage area:
a) Abutted voltage area
b) Non-abutted voltage area

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 Floorplan steps
3. IO placement: IOs / Pins are placed at the boundary of the block. Usually
pin placement information is pushed down from FC floorplan.
4. Creating standard cell row: Rows area created in the design using cell-
site (unit / basic). Rows aid in systematic placement of standard cells. And
standard cell power routes done considering rows.

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 5.Macro Placement
 Steps:
1. Understand Pins & Orientation requirements of Macros
2. Follow data flow /hierarchy to place the Macros. Make use of reference
floorplan if available
3. All the pins of the Macros should point towards the core logic
4. Channels between macros should be big enough to accommodate all
routing requirements & should get a minimum of one pair VDD & VSS
power grids in the channel

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 Macro placement checks
 All macros should be placed at the boundary
 Check the orientation & pin directions of all macros
 Spacing between macros should be enough for routing & power grid
 Macros should not block partition level pins
 Less congestion & good timing QoR – These cannot be achieved in one
shot, but need few iterations

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 6.Adding placement & routing blockages
 Buffer only blockages are added in channels between macros.
 Partial placement blockages can be added between the channels
blocking sequential cells. Partial blockages are added in congestion
prone areas/notches/corners.

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 7.Adding Power switches
 Power switches are MT-CMOS (multi-threshold) cells, which will have
very high threshold voltage when device is OFF & very low threshold
voltage when device is on.
 A strong network of power switches connected in daisy chain fashion
will be inserted in the design

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 8.Adding special cells
 Special cells are Well Taps, EndCaps, Spare Cells, Metal ECO-able cells
etc.
 Well-taps cells are added in partition/chip level to tie the wells to
VDD/VSS.
 End Cap Cells ensure proper terminations of rows, so that no DRC are
created. This is a physical-only cell.
 Spare cells are extra cells placed in your layout in anticipation of a future
ECO(Engineering change order).

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 Floorplan Checks
 Check PG connections (For macros & pre-placed cells only)
 LP / MV checks on floorplan database
 Check the power connections to all Macros, specially analog/special
macros if any
 All the macros should be placed at the boundary
 There should not be any notches / thin channels. If unavoidable, proper
blockages has to be added
 Remove all unnecessary placement blockages & routing blockages
 Check power connection to power switches
 Check power mesh in different voltage area
 Check pin-layers & check layer directions
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 Floorplanning Algorithms
Several broad classes of algorithms:

 Integer programming based

 Rectangular dual graph based
 Hierarchical tree based
 Simulated annealing based–Other variations

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 Integer Linear Programming Formulation
 The problem is modeled as a set of linear equations using 0/1 integer
variables.
 ILP solver used to obtain optimal solution based on a defined cost
function.
 Can be use only for small problem instances
-Very high computional complexity.

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 Rectangular Dual-Graph Approach
Basic Concept:
 Output of partitioning algorithms represented by a graph.
 –Floorplans can be obtained by converting the graph into
 its rectangular dual.

The rectangular dual of a graph satisfies the following properties:

 – Each vertex corresponds to a distinct rectangle.
 – For every edge, the corresponding rectangles are adjacent.

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 Hierarchical Approach
Widely used approach to floorplanning.
 Based on a divide-and-conquer paradigm.
 At each level of the hierarchy, only a small number of rectangles are
considered.

A small graph, and all possible floorplans.

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 Simulated Annealing
Important issues in the design of a simulated annealing optimization
problem:
 1. The solution space.
 2. The movement from one solution to another.
 3. The cost evaluation function.

A solution by Wong & Liu is applicable to sliceable floorplans only.

 – Floorplan can be represented by a tree.
 – Postfix notations used for easy representation and
 manipulation.
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 Floor plan Outputs:
 Die/block Area
 I/O placed
 Macros Placed
 Power Grid designed
 Power Pre-routing
 Standard Cell Placement Areas

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 LINUX Operating System
 Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on
the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on Sept 17,
1991, by Linus Torvalds.
 Where, Kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's
operating system with complete control over everything in the system.
 Some popular distributions are: Ubuntu, Linux mint, Manjaro, Fedora,
Pop os, Debian, elementary os.
 The most attractive thing in Linux is “Linux shell or terminal”.
 Terminal or shell is a program that receives commands from the user
and gives it to the OS to process, and it shows the output.

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 Basic Linux Commands
 pwd: It gives us the absolute path, which means the path that starts
from the root. The root is the base of the Linux file system.
 ls : command to know what files are in the directory you are in. You can
see all the hidden files by using the command “ls-a”.
 cd : use “cd” command to go to a directory and to go 1 step back type
“cd ..”. The two dots represent back.
 mkdir : Use the mkdir command when you need to create a folder or a
directory.
 rmdir: Use rmdir to delete a directory. But rmdir can only be used to
delete an empty directory.

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 Basic Linux Commands
 rm: Use the rm command to delete files and directories. Use "rm -r" to
delete just the directory.
 touch: The touch command is used to create a file. It can be anything,
from an empty txt file to an empty zip file.
 man & --help : To know more about a command and how to use it, use
the man command
 cp: Use the cp command to copy files through the command line. It
takes two arguments: The first is the location of the file to be copied,
the second is where to copy.
 mv: Use the mv command to move files through the command line.
Also used to rename a file. It takes two arguments like cp.
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 Basic Linux Commands
 locate :The locate command is used to locate a file in a Linux system,
just like the search command in Windows.
 echo: The "echo" command helps us move some data, usually text into a
file.
 cat: Used to display the contents of a file. It is usually used to easily view
programs.
 sudo(SuperUser Do): if we want any command to be done with
administrative or root privileges, we use the sudo command.
 find: To locate files within a given directory.
 grep: search through all the text in a given file.

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 Basic Linux Commands
 df: To get a report on the system’s disk space usage.
 du: To check how much space a file or a directory takes.
 head: To view the first lines of any text file.
 tail: To view the last lines of any text file.
 diff: Compares the contents of two files line by line.
 kill: To terminate unresponsive program manually.
 ping: To check connectivity status to a server.
 uname: Print detailed information about Linux system.
 top: Display a list of running processes and how much CPU each process
uses.

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 LS
• List the contents of the folder from which it runs.
• Syntax: ls
• Example:
ls –l
ls -a
 MKDIR
• The “mkdir” (Make directory) command create a new directory.

• If directory already exists, it will return an error message “cannot

create folder, folder already exists”.

• Syntax: mkdir directory_name

• Example: mkdir student

 CAT
• It is used to create a file with content.
• And can concatenate two or more file
contents.
• Syntax: cat > filename
• Example: cat > file1
 TOUCH
• It is used to create file without content.

• Syntax: touch filename

• Example: touch file1

 CP
Itcopies a file from one location to another location.

• Syntax: cp src_file desti_file

• Example: cp file1 file2

 CD
• It is used for changing the directory.
• Syntax: cd dir_name
• Example: cd student
 MV
• The “mv” command moves a file from
one location to another location.
• Syntax: mv source destination
• Example: mv file1 student
 PWD
• It prints the current working directory with
full path name from terminal.
• Syntax: pwd
 WHEREIS
• Itis used to locate the Sources and
Manual Pages of the command.

• Syntax: whereis command

• Example: whereis cat

 WHICH
• It is used to locate executables in the system.
• It allows user to pass several command names as
arguments to get their paths in the system.
• Syntax: which command
• Example: which ls
 MAN
• Itprovides online documentation for all
the possible options with a command and its
usages.

• Syntax: man command

• Example: man cat

 INFO

• Itprovides online documentation for all

the commands but in a better structured way.
• Syntax: info command
• Example: info cat
 WHOAMI

Itis used to find out the current user of

the terminal.
• Syntax: whoami
 GREP
Itsearches the given file for lines containing a match to the
given strings or words.

• Syntax: grep word filename

• Example: grep m file2

 HEAD
• It prints the first 10 lines of the given file.

• Syntax: head filename

• Example: head stu

 TAIL
• It prints the last 10 lines of the given file.

• Syntax: head filename

• Example: head std

 TAC
Itprints content of the given file in reverse order.

• Syntax: tac filename

• Example: tac kk
 PS

• ps (Process) gives the status running

of processes with a unique Id called
PID.
• Syntax: ps
 ALIAS
• It is a built in shell command that lets you assign
name for a long command or frequently used
command.

• Syntax: alias aliasname command

• Example: alias q=ls-l

 SUDO
• It allows a permitted user to execute a command
as the super user or another user.

• Syntax: sudo cmd

• Example: sudo passwd

 HISTORY
• Itprints the history of long list of
executed commands in terminal.

• Syntax: history
 PASSWD
It is used for changing the passwd.

You must know the current passwd for the security reason.

• Syntax: passwd
 DATE
• Itprint the current date and on the
time standard output & can further be
• Syntax: date
set.
• To set date: date - -set=‘14 may 2013
13:57’
 CAL
• Itis used to display calendar of the
present month or any other month.

• Syntax: cal

• Example: 3 1991
 CLEAR
• It is used to clear the screen.

• Syntax: clear
 DU
• Estimate files space usage.

• df only reports usage statistics on file systems, while

‘du‘, on the other hand, measures directory
contents.

• Syntax: du
 Work Done
 Apoorva
1. Floorplan
2. PD Inputs
3. Linux commands

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 Work Done
 Jigar
1. PD Inputs
2. Floorplan
3. Basic Linux commands

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 Work Done
 Susmita
1. Floorplan
2. PD Inputs
3. Linux commands

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