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Waveform Generators

The document discusses different types of waveform generators: [1] A square wave generator uses an op-amp and capacitor. The capacitor charges and discharges, causing the op-amp output to switch between positive and negative states and produce a square wave. [2] A triangular wave generator uses two op-amps - one as a comparator and one as an integrator. The comparator output switches the integrator between charging and discharging ramps, producing a triangular wave. [3] A sawtooth wave generator is similar but injects a DC voltage to make the rise or fall time longer, distorting the symmetry of a triangular wave.

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41 views11 pages

Waveform Generators

The document discusses different types of waveform generators: [1] A square wave generator uses an op-amp and capacitor. The capacitor charges and discharges, causing the op-amp output to switch between positive and negative states and produce a square wave. [2] A triangular wave generator uses two op-amps - one as a comparator and one as an integrator. The comparator output switches the integrator between charging and discharging ramps, producing a triangular wave. [3] A sawtooth wave generator is similar but injects a DC voltage to make the rise or fall time longer, distorting the symmetry of a triangular wave.

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अमित सिंह राजपूत
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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Waveform Generators

Somesh Kumar Malhotra


Assistant Professor
ECE Department,UIET
Square wave Oscillator/Generator

• The basic square wave oscillator is based on the charging and discharging of a capacitor.
• Op-amps inverting input is the capacitor voltage and the noninverting input is a portion of the output
fed back through resistors R1and R2(refer figure 1).
• When the circuit is first turned on, the capacitor is uncharged, and thus the inverting input is at 0V.
• This makes the output a positive maximum, and the capacitor begins to charge towards voltage at VO
through resistor R.
Square wave Oscillator/Generator

• When the capacitor voltage reaches a value equal to the feedback voltage (Vf)
on the non-inverting input, the op-amp switches to the maximum negative
state.
• At this point, the capacitor begins to discharge from +Vf towards –Vf.
• When the capacitor voltage reaches –Vf, the op-amp switches back to the
maximum positive state.
• This action repeats and a square wave output voltage is obtained.
Square wave Oscillator/Generator
Square wave Oscillator/Generator
Triangular wave Generator

• This circuit (figure 2) uses two operational amplifiers. Op-amp A1 functions as a comparator and the
op-amp A2 as an integrator. Comparator compares the voltage at point P continuously with respect to
the voltage at the inverting input; which as at ground potential.
• When the voltage at P goes slightly below zero, the output of A1 will switch to negative saturation.
Suppose the output of A1 is at positive saturation +Vsat.
• Since this voltage is the input of the integrator, the output of A2 will be a negative going ramp.
• Thus, one end of the voltage divider R1-R2 is at +Vsat and the other at the negative going ramp.
Triangular wave Generator

• At time t = t1, when the negative going ramp attains value of –Vramp the effective
voltage at point P becomes slightly less than 0 V. This switches output of A1 from
positive saturation to negative saturation level –Vsat.
• During the time when the output of A1 is at –Vsat, the output of A2 increases in
positive direction.
• At the instant t = t2, the voltage at point P becomes just above 0 V, thereby
switching the output of A1 from –Vsat to +Vsat.
• The cycle repeats and generates a triangular waveform.
Triangular wave Generator
Triangular wave Generator
Sawtooth Wave Generator

• The difference between the triangular and sawtooth waveform is that the rise time of the triangular
wave is always equal to its fall time while in sawtooth wave generator, rise time may be much higher
than its fall time or vice versa.
• The triangular wave generator can be converted to a sawtooth wave generator by injecting a variable dc
voltage into the noninverting terminal of the integrator.
• This can be done by using a potentiometer as shown in figure 3. When the wiper of the potentiometer is
at the centre, the output will be a triangular wave since the duty cycle is 50%.
• If the wiper moves towards –V, the rise time of the sawtooth becomes longer than the fall time. If the
wiper moves towards +V, the fall time becomes more than the rise time.
Sawtooth Wave Generator

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