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EVALUATION OF UPLIFT CAPACITY FOR HORIZONTAL ANCHOR PLATE IN

COHESIONLESS SOIL
SUBMITTED BY

201010059 - PRATHAMESH SONPARATE

201010064 - VEDANT SURYAWANSHI
201011004 - JAGRUTI THAKUR
211011902 - PRIYANKA REDDY

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR. V. B. DESHMUKH

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

VJTI, MUMBAI-400019
2023-2024
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Agenda
1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Scope of Work

4. Literature Reviews

5. Necessity of Work

6. Validation of Method

7. References
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1. INTRODUCTION - ANCHORS

1. Anchor plate is a tension member which is

connected to the structure and embedded into
the soil to a sufficient depth so as to resist
any uplift load or overturning moment or
combination of both.

2. Earth anchors are constructed to resist the

loads which cause instability to structures
such as foundations, earth retaining
structures, and slopes.

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APPLICATIONS

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INSTALLATION OF PLATE ANCHORS

1. Drilling of Holes as per the required depth.

2. Removal of dust from the hole.

3. Placement of Anchor using a rod.

4. Backfilled Anchor – Backfilling and compaction is done

with good quality soil.

5. Direct Bearing Plate Anchor – These anchors are then

attached to tie-rods, which may either be driven or
placed through augured holes.

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SHALLOW ANCHORS
1. Anchor is placed at a relatively shallow
depth.

2. It has a small embedment ratio.

3. The failure surface at ultimate load will

extend to the ground surface.

4. For loose sand and soft clayey soil, α = 90°.

5. For dense sand and stiff clay, α = 45° to φ/2.

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DEEP ANCHORS

1. Anchor is placed at a relatively larger depth.

2. It has a comparatively large embedment

ratio.

3. The failure surface at ultimate load does not

extend to the ground surface.

4. It follows a “localized failure mechanism”.

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CLASSIFICATION OF ANCHORS

1. Plate anchors.

2. Direct embedment anchors.

3. Anchor piles and drilled shaft.

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PLATE ANCHOR

Classification of Plate anchor

according to Shape

1. Strip

2. Circular

3. Square

4. Rectangular
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DIRECT EMBEDMENT ANCHOR

1. They are installed vertically by

driving with a rod to a desired depth.

2. After the desired depth is reached,

the rod is withdrawn and the cable is
tensioned to rotate the anchor
through an angle of 90° into its final
position.

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ANCHOR PILE AND DRILLED SHAFT

1. They are installed where site

conditions are poor.

2. They can be used for heavily loaded

foundations.

3. They support downward load and

also resist the uplift force.

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2. OBJECTIVES :-

1. Review of literature of single plate rectangular horizontal anchors.

2. Analysis of numerical approach for determining the uplift capacity of

rectangular horizontal anchors in cohesionless soil.

3. Validation of software with available literature.

4. Comparison of Software with analytical and experimental work

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3. Scope of Work

Numerical Analysis on Behavior of Horizontal Plate

Anchor (rectangular) in Cohesionless Soil using
Plaxis-3D.

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4. Literature Reviews
Single-Plate anchors

1.Kumar and Kouzer (2008)

1. Numerical Analysis on rectangular strip

anchor in sandy soil.

2. Upper bound limit analysis along with

finite elements and linear programming to
determine uplift capacity

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1. Collapse load was expressed in terms of a nondimensional uplift factor F γ

where λ is the embedment ratio (λ=d/B)

and ϕ is the internal friction angle

2. Vertical average uplift pressure

Pu was defined as Pu/B;

where γ is the unit weight of the soil

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2) Meyerhof's and Adams (1968):

1. Analytical Analysis on Strip, Rectangular and Circular Anchors.

2. Failure surface in soil makes an angle α with the horizontal.

3. Derived the expression to calculate the uplift capacity.

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Formula to calculate Upliftment Capacity

Where,

Qu = Ultimate Uplift Capacity

W = Weight of the soil above
anchor plate in failure zone
 = Density of Soil
H= Depth of anchor Plate
SF =Shape Factor
Ku=Uplift Coefficient

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3. Merifield and Sloan(2006):

1. Numerical Analysis on Rectangular

Horizontal Anchor in sand.

2. Upper and lower bound limit analysis

to obtain the uplift capacity.

3. Breakout factor increases linearly with

an increase in the soil friction angle.

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4. Deshmukh et.al.(2011):

• Analytical Analysis on square and rectangular

anchors in sand.

• Failure surface is in the form of frustum of a

trapezoid.

• Predictions are very close to experimental

values in 91.89% of cases.

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For Rectangular anchor

Where

For Square anchor

Where

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5. Necessity of Work
1. Structural
Stability: Uplift capacity research ensures structures
anchored in cohesionless soil remain stable against upward forces.

2. Safety Assurance: It establishes safety standards, preventing potential

failures due to inadequate anchorage.

3. Optimized Designs: Helps refine anchor plate designs for maximum

effectiveness while minimizing costs.
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Necessity of Work
4. Construction Efficiency: Guides construction methods and decisions,
reducing risks during project execution.

5. Environmental Impact: Enables more sustainable construction

practices by using resources efficiently.

6. Foundation Engineering: Crucial in designing foundations for

structures subjected to uplift forces, enhancing performance and safety.
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6. Validation of Method
1. Validation is performed using Plaxis 3D software which uses the finite element method to
discretize the soil and structure into small elements, allowing for the detailed analysis of
complex geotechnical behaviors.

2. Anexcavation pit is constructed of 12 by 20m to a depth of 6.5m below the surface and an
additional surface load is added on one side of pit. Struts, waling's and ground anchors are
used to prevent the pit from collapsing.

3. It
is achieved by defining Soil model, modelling of ground anchors, using interface
features, defining over-consolidation ratio (OCR), changing water conditions and selection
of stress points to generate stress/strain curves.
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Cross Section of the excavation pit with soil layers

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Material properties of soil layer

Material Properties of Waling's and Struts

Model Material Properties of node-to-node anchors

Definition

Material Properties of embedded beams (grout body)

Material Properties of Sheet Pile Walls

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Defining Soil Layers

Contour Area = 80x50m

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Defining Structural Elements

Creation of walings, struts, ground anchors, sheet pile walls and surface load.

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Defining Structural Elements

Creation of walings, struts, ground anchors, sheet pile walls and surface load.

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Generation of Mesh
Element Distribution = Medium

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Defining Calculations

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Six phase calculation

Generation of the initial stresses

Installation of the sheet piles and a first excavation

Installation of waling's and struts

Ground anchors were activated and prestressed

Further Excavation was carried

Application of additional load next to pit and water

conditions for different soil volumes allotted.
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Stress-Strain Curve of Problem statement

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Results obtained from Plaxis 3D

Obtained
Stress-Strain
Curve

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Comparison of Stress-Strain Curves

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Important Parameters
1. Components –

2. Run Time –

3. Type of Element -

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Result
1. An error of approximately 15% was observed.

2. It is observed that the results follow the same pattern.

3. Most error is observed in the fourth curve.

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OUTLINE
1. Kumar & Kouzer Research Paper Apprehension & Validation

2. V. Tilak & N. Samadheya Research Paper Apprehension & Validation

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REFFERENCES
1. Kumar and Kouzer(2008),”Vertical uplift capacity of horizontal anchors using upper bound limit
analysis and finite elements", Canadian Geotechnical Journal Published by The National Research
Council of Canada, Received 15 January 2007. Accepted 27 September 2007.Published on the NRC
Research Press web site at cgj.nrc.ca on 28 May 2008. doi:10.1139/T08-005

2. V. Deshmukh et.al(2016), “Analysis of rectangular and square anchors in cohesionless soil”,

International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (2010) 4: (79-87)

3. Soni and Parmar(2022),” An Experimental Study on Uplift Capacity of Axisymmetric Plate Anchors
in Well Graded Sand at Different Relative Density and Embedment Ratio”, Canadian Geotechnical
Journal, June 7th, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1648256/v1

4. Merifield and Sloan(2006),” Merifield and Sloan (2006), The ultimate pullout capacity of anchors in
frictional soils”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal · August 2006. 37