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    Post Cold War (1900-2000)

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    Sadaf Mumtaz
    The post-Cold War era began in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This led to significant changes in global politics and power dynamics, with the United States emerging as the sole superpower in a unipolar world. Some key events of this period included the 1991 Gulf War in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the disintegration of the USSR into 15 independent states, and ethnic conflicts and wars in the Balkans as Yugoslavia broke apart. The post-Cold War world also saw the rise of concepts like a "New World Order" of global cooperation and the increasing forces of globalization and economic liberalization around the world.

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    Post Cold War (1900-2000)

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    Sadaf Mumtaz
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    The post-Cold War era began in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This led to significant changes in global politics and power dynamics, with the United States emerging as the sole superpower in a unipolar world. Some key events of this period included the 1991 Gulf War in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the disintegration of the USSR into 15 independent states, and ethnic conflicts and wars in the Balkans as Yugoslavia broke apart. The post-Cold War world also saw the rise of concepts like a "New World Order" of global cooperation and the increasing forces of globalization and economic liberalization around the world.

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    Post Cold War(1900-2000)

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    The post-Cold War era began in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This led to significant changes in global politics and power dynamics, with the United States emerging as the sole superpower in a unipolar world. Some key events of this period included the 1991 Gulf War in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the disintegration of the USSR into 15 independent states, and ethnic conflicts and wars in the Balkans as Yugoslavia broke apart. The post-Cold War world also saw the rise of concepts like a "New World Order" of global cooperation and the increasing forces of globalization and economic liberalization around the world.

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    7 views11 pages

    Post Cold War (1900-2000)

    Uploaded by

    Sadaf Mumtaz
    The post-Cold War era began in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This led to significant changes in global politics and power dynamics, with the United States emerging as the sole superpower in a unipolar world. Some key events of this period included the 1991 Gulf War in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the disintegration of the USSR into 15 independent states, and ethnic conflicts and wars in the Balkans as Yugoslavia broke apart. The post-Cold War world also saw the rise of concepts like a "New World Order" of global cooperation and the increasing forces of globalization and economic liberalization around the world.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Post Cold War(1900-2000)

    Sadaf Mumtaz
    2025120030
    Sem 7
    Introduction:
    The post-Cold War era refers to the time period after the end of the Cold War which
    was a long-lasting political and military tension between the United States and the
    Soviet Union. This era began around the early 1990s when the Soviet Union
    collapsed. During this time, there were significant changes in global politics and
    relationships between countries, leading to a shift in power dynamics. The world
    transitioned from a bipolar system dominated by the U.S. and the Soviet Union to a
    period where the United States became the primary superpower.
    Gulf war:
    The first crisis soon after cold war was gulf war. It started when Saddam Hussein
    invaded Iraq neighboring Kuwait that was rich in oil on 2 Aug,1990 & claimed it as
    Iraq provinces. United National Security Council warned Iraq to retreat by 15
    Jan,1991, but they didn’t. US –led coalition of 30 nations assemble 7 lakh troops in
    Saudi Arabia and launched Operation Desert Storm, destroyed Iraq oil refineries, air
    defenses and major infrastructure. In 28 Feb, 1991 Kuwait was released and war
    ended.
    Disintegration of USSR:
    The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had 15 republics before its integration in
    1991. Russia was one of the republics and other 14 include three Baltic Republics
    Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia & several Muslim Republics of Central Asian of former
    Soviet Union.
    • People in many east European countries(Poland, Rumania, Hungary, Germany)
    started protested against their own Government and USSR & discarded one party
    rule.
    • Germany that was divided into capitalist west and socialist USSR after 2 nd world
    war came to end on Oct,1990. The fall of Berlin wall led to disintegration of
    USSR.
    • Gorbachev identified the economic and political problems of USSR, and started a
    series of reforms, with intention to revive economy. Many communist leaders in
    USSR opposed reforms initiated by Gorbachev. Like a vice president Yanayev
    wanted to hold over all republics staged an unsuccessful coup in 1991.
    Cont.

    Russian president Yeltsin received massive support from people & saved Gorbachev.
    Communist party was disbanded & dissolved. Coup leader was arrested. Gorbachev
    authority was weakened. Various republics(minus Baltic States) emerged in Belarus
    and decided to become independent states. They said they would associate themselves
    with Common wealth of Independence States. Gorbachev resigned on 21 Dec,1991 &
    soviet union ceased to exist.
    The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War and left the
    United States as the sole power. This unipolarity significantly influenced
    international relations and geopolitics, shaping the dynamics of power and alliances
    on the global stage. The United States, with its military, economic, and technological
    prowess, played a central role in shaping the direction of global affairs.
    Balkans and Ethnic conflicts:
    • Yugoslavia the socialist federal state, left soviet bloc in 1948 and became non
    aligned. Its president was President Tito(founder of NAM). The disintegration of
    the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia began in the early 1990s,
    characterized by rising ethnic tensions and nationalist movements. Yugoslav states,
    Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia broke up from parent state.
    Serbs were in minority in Croatia & Bosnia, they wanted to establish majority
    status and seized one-third of Croatia, two-third of Bosnia to form greater Serbs.
    • Bosnian war (1992-1995), the conflict resulted in massive destruction, massacring,
    Bosnian Serbs killed thousands of Bosnian Muslims men and boy. The conflict
    ended with Dayton Agreement (1995)
    Kosovo war
    Conflict between federal republic of Yugoslavia led by Slobodan Milosevic, &
    Kosovo liberation Army sought independence for Kosovo. The conflict led to ethnic
    cleansing by Yugoslavia and Serbs, targeting Ethnic Albanians, expulsion of them
    from Kosovo, mass killing, destruction of villages.
    Operation Allied Force, March,1999 launched by NATO for the withdrawal of
    Yugoslav forces from Kosovo.
    Post cold war conflicts:
    • Chechnya wars: Two major conflicts that took place in Russian region of
    Chechnya in post cold war, struggle for independence.
    • First Chechnya war(1994-1996) launched military campaigns. Chechnya forces
    resisted Russian forces, massive destruction of lives.
    • Khasavyurt Accord 1996, Russia agreed to ceasefire and Chechnya existed as De
    Facto independence from 1996-1999
    • 2nd Chechnya war(1999-2006), Russian campaign capturing of Grozny, capital of
    Chechnya.
    New World order:
    The concept of a "New World Order" gained prominence in the post-Cold War era,
    particularly in the early 1990s. U.S. President George H.W. Bush in his speech used
    the term in the context of a vision for global cooperation and stability in the aftermath
    of the Cold War. President Bush spoke of a world that could be :“Freer from the
    threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest
    for peace.“
    It encompasses a departure from a unipolar world towards multiple influential powers.
    It includes economic interdependence & shift towards more collaborative
    international governance to address global challenges, human rights, climate change
    and security.
    Revolution took place in the field of communication and information technologies.
    Rapid means of transportation reduced the distance and time. Computer, emails, and
    websites, telephone enables to establish instant contact.
    Globalization:
    The post cold war international economic relation are symbolized by globalization.
    This system is directly related to liberalization in the economics of third world
    countries. Capitalist would encourage liberalization and welcomed new liberal
    policies adopted by countries like India. Not only that, China ruled by communist
    party began liberalization even before India did. The two fastest growing economies
    in the first decade of 21st CE were China & India thanks to liberalization.
    Globalization is a process of ‘interconnecting world market’. This is the result of
    rapid communication, market liberalization, global integration of production of goods
    and services. India became a part of integrated world markets, liberalized economic
    markets, and increasing trade regulations by World Trade Organization setup in
    1995.
    Conclusion:
    • Emergence of new world order
    establishment of unipolarization
    USA emerge as a sole power
    establishment of 15 independent states

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