Attachment
Attachment
Attachment
3
Schematic of aquifers
Aquifer B
Phreatic
Confined
Leaky
Leaky
Artesian Confined
Perched
Aquifer
Aquifer A Lake
Leakage Lake
Aquifer B Leakage
Water
Aquifer C
Depending on the hydrogeologic conditions at different
locations, a single aquifer (e.g. Aquifer B) can be unconfined,
confined, artesian and leaky aquifer
5
Darcy’s Law
Q l
Q h
Q is proportional to Dh = h2 – h1 1
Dh h2
Q
Q is proportional to crossDatum (z = 0)
sectional area, Axs
A
l Q is inversely proportional
h1 to sample length, l
Q h2
Dh= h2 – h1
l
Datum (z = 0)
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Darcy’s Law
Combine and insert a constant of proportionality
Q = –KAxc [h/l]
Axc = sample cross-sectional area [m2]
Measured perpendicular to flow direction
K = hydraulic conductivity [m/s]
h/l = hydraulic gradient [-]
l is measured along the flow direction
Darcy law sometimes written as
Q/A = q = –K[h/l]
xc
Where q = specific discharge a.k.a. “Darcy velocity”
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Example of the use of Darcy's Law
Q = –KAxs(h/L)
w =50 m
h = 25 m
L = 100 m
Pool b=2m
h = 20 m
K = 10–4 cm/sec
River
How much water is flowing from the pool into the river per second
over a 50 m stretch? Use K = 10–4 cm/sec
h = 20 – 25 = –5 m (head decreases in the direction of flow)
l = 100 m; h/l = –0.05
PERPENDICULAR to the
A
xc = b x w = 2 m x 50 m = 100 m 2
direction of flow!
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Other Ways to Express Flow
Flow per Unit Width
What is the flow through the aquifer per unit width (per
cm)?
Q = –KAxs(h/l) Axs = b x w
Q = –K(b x w)x(h/l) divide both sides by w
Q/w = –Kb(h/l)
Q/w = –10–4 cm/sec x 2 m x 100 cm/m x (–.05)=
= 0.001 [cm3 s–1 cm–1]
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Other Ways to Express Flow
Flow per Unit Width per Unit Gradient
What is the flow through the aquifer per unit width (per cm)
per unit hydraulic gradient?
This is a measure often used to compare aquifers.
Q = –K(b x w)(h/l) divide both sides by w
Q/w = –Kb(h/l) divide both sides by (h/l)
(Q/w)/(h/l) = –Kb
(Q/w )/(h/l) = –10–4 cm/sec x 2 m x 100 cm/m =
= 0.02 [cm2 s–1]
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Aquifer Characteristics
Transmissivity (T = Kb) is the rate of flow through a vertical
strip of aquifer (thickness b) of unit width under a unit
hydraulic gradient
Radius of Influence (R) for a well is the maximum
horizontal extent of the cone of depression when the well is
in equilibrium with inflows
Specific storage (specific storativity), S (1/L) is the amount
s
of water released from (or added to) storage per unit decline
(or unit rise) in hydraulic head from unit volume of saturated
aquifer .
Storativity (Storage coefficient), , where b is the saturated
thickness
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Aquifer Characteristics
It is customarily to approximate the storativity of an unconfined
aquifer by its specific yield.
Specific yield, Sy: The ratio of the volume of water that drains
from a saturated aquifer due to the attraction of gravity to the
total volume of the aquifer. This is also called gravity drainage.
Specific retention (Sr): the volume of water retained in an
aquifer per unit area per unit drop of the water table after
drainage has stopped, which is hold between soil particles by
surface tension. Hence, the smaller the particle size, the larger
the surface tension and the larger the specific retention
Specific retention is responsible for the volume of water a
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Well Hydraulics
A water well is a hydraulic structure
Static Water Level [SWL]
that is designed and constructed to
(ho) is the equilibrium water
permit economic withdrawal of
level before pumping
water from an aquifer commences
Q
Pumping Water Level [PWL]
(h) is the water level during
pumping
s
Drawdown (s = ho - h) is the
difference between SWL and
PWL
ho
Well Yield (Q) is the volume
h of water pumped per unit time
Specific Capacity (Q/s) is the
yield per unit drawdown
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Cone of Depression
High Kh aquifer
Low Kh aquifer
Kh Kv
A zone of low pressure is created centered on the pumping well
Drawdown is maximum at the well and reduces radially
Head gradient decreases away from the well and the pattern
resembles an inverted cone called the cone of depression
The cone expands over time until the inflows (from various
boundaries) match the well extraction
The shape of the equilibrium cone is controlled by hydraulic
conductivity (See Figures above)
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Unsteady Radial Confined Flow
Q
Assumptions
Isotropic, homogeneous, infinite
aquifer, 2-D radial flow
r s
Initial Conditions
h(r,0) = ho for all r
h ho
Boundary Conditions
b h(,t) = ho for all t
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Example - Theis Equation
Q
Q = 1500 m3/day
T = 600 m2/day
S = 4 x 10-4 s
r
Find: Drawdown (s) at r = 1 km from well after 1
year
Well Function
Theis Plot : 1/u vs W(u)
10.0
1.0
W(u)
0.1
0.0
1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03
1/u
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Theis Analysis
1. Overlay type-curve on data-curve keeping axes parallel
2. Select a point on the type-curve (any will do but [1,1] is
simplest)
3. Read off the corresponding co-ordinates on the data-curve
[td, sd]
4. For [1,1] on the type curve corresponding to [td, sd],
5. For the example, Q = 0.032 m3/s; r = 120 m; td = 51 s and sd
= 0.17 m
6. T = (0.032)/(12.56 x 0.17) = 0.015 m2/s = 1300 m2/d
7. S = (0.032 x 51)/(3.14 x 120 x 120 x 0.17) = 2.1 x 10-4
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Example - Theis Method
Q
Pumping test in a sandy aquifer
ho = 20 m, Q = 1000 m3/hr
r s
Find: S and T for the following pumping test data
(h) observed at r = 1000 m from pumping well
Time (min) h (m) s (m) h ho= 20m
0 20.00 0.00
3 19.92 0.08 b
4 19.85 0.15
5 19.78 0.22
6 19.70 0.30
7 19.64 0.36
8 19.57 0.43
10 19.45 0.55
…
60 18.00 2.00
70 17.87 2.13
…
100 17.50 2.50
…
1000 15.25 4.75
…
4000 13.80 6.20
Theis Method
1 1
W(u)
Match Point
s
W(u) = 1, u = 0.10
s = 1, r2/t = 20000
0.1 0.1
0.01 0.01
0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.0000
u
Theis Method
Match Point
W(u) = 1, u = 0.10
s = 1, r2/t = 20000
Copper Jacob
The Cooper-Jacob simplification expresses drawdown (s) as a
linear function of ln(t) or log(t).
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Cooper-Jacob Plot : Log(t) vs s
to = 84s
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Drawdown (m)
0.4
0.5
0.6
Ds =0.39 m
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05
Time since pump started (s)
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Cooper-Jacob Analysis
Fit straight-line to data (excluding early and late times if
necessary):
Note: at early times the Cooper-Jacob approximation may
not be valid and at late times boundaries may significantly
influence drawdown
Determine intercept on the time axis for s=0
Determine drawdown increment (Ds) for one log-cycle
For straight-line fit,
For the example, Q = 0.032 m3/s; r = 120 m; to = 84 s and Ds
= 0.39 m
T = (2.3 x 0.032)/(12.56 x 0.39) = 0.015 m2/s = 1300 m2/d
S = (2.3 x 0.032 x 84)/(1.78 x 3.14 x 120 x 120 x 0.39)
= 1.9 x 10-4
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Jacob Approximation
At s = 0 t become t0
t0
Jacob Approximation
s2
Ds
s1
1 LOG CYCLE
t1 t2
t0
Jacob Approximation for the example
t0 = 8 min
s2 = 5 m s2
s1 = 2.6 m
Ds
Ds = 2.4 m
s1
1 LOG-CYCLE
t1 t2
t0