Head Losses in The Pipeline (Part 1)
Head Losses in The Pipeline (Part 1)
Head Losses in The Pipeline (Part 1)
Pipeline
1. Major head losses are head losses due to a fluid friction because
of viscosity and pipe roughness.
2. Minor losses are head losses or turbulences losses due to pipe
fittings and valves.
a). Entrance loss is the flow of fluid from tank to pipe. It is a head loss
because velocity is created.
Classification of Losses
b). Exit loss is the flow of fluid from pipe to tank. It is a head loss
because velocity is being destroyed.
Classification of Losses
e). Bends (elbows), fittings and valves are head losses due to the
change in the magnitude and direction of velocity.
Classification of Losses
f). Gradual Expansion and Gradual Contraction are head losses due to
the gradual increase or gradual decrease in fluid velocity.
Classification of Losses
g). A nozzle at the end is a head loss due to the very high velocity at the
nozzle outlet.
Equations for the Computation of Major Head Losses Due to Friction
Major head losses are mainly due to friction because of the fluid viscosity and
pipe material roughness. Head losses, hf are computed particularly in a long
straight pipe (L > 500D)
Where:
1. Darcy-Weisbach Equation
f = friction factor
hf = head loss due to friction, m
a). For circular pipe L = length of pipe, m
D = inside diameter of pipe, m
hf = V = velocity of fluid, m/s
g = acceleration due to gravity
Rm = hydraulic radius, m
b). For a non-circular pipe
Rm = Cross sectional area/Wetted Perimeter of cross section
hf =
Equations for the Computation of Major Head Losses Due to Friction
Re = Reynold’s Number
f=Φ
Notes:
Where:
Relative roughness is a better indicator of pipe
roughness
f = is a function of
e = = relative roughness The Darcy friction factor is one of the parameters
ε = absolute roughness of a pipe material, m used to calculate friction loss.
Re = Reynold’s Number
Absolute roughness or specific roughness is a
parameter that measures the average size of
imperfection inside the pipe.
Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation for ideal neglects friction, viscosity and flow is assumed
to be steady and incompressible.
Moody’s equation
f = 0.0055
Where:
f = friction factor
e = = relative roughness
ε = absolute roughness of a pipe material, m
Re = Reynold’s Number
Colebrook equation
A difficulty with its use is that it is implicit in the dependence of f. That is, for given
conditions it is not possible to solve for f without some sort of iterative scheme.
Haaland’s equation
The Hazen-Wiliams formula is used for fluid flowing in a pipe with D >
50 mm and velocity of V < 3 m/s.
Equations for the Computation of Minor Losses in Pipe Lines
Minor losses are head losses called turbulence losses because of the fittings
and valves installed in the piping line or flow line.
Determination of Major and Minor Loss Combined
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