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    Head Losses in The Pipeline (Part 1)

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    Wency Cariaga
    This document discusses head losses that occur in pipelines, which are classified into two main categories: major losses and minor losses. Major losses are due to fluid friction from viscosity and pipe roughness, calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Minor losses are due to fittings and valves, and include losses from bends, expansions, contractions, and other pipe geometries. The document provides equations for calculating major and minor head losses separately and discusses charts for determining friction factors.

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    Head Losses in The Pipeline (Part 1)

    Uploaded by

    Wency Cariaga
    23 views28 pages
    This document discusses head losses that occur in pipelines, which are classified into two main categories: major losses and minor losses. Major losses are due to fluid friction from viscosity and pipe roughness, calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Minor losses are due to fittings and valves, and include losses from bends, expansions, contractions, and other pipe geometries. The document provides equations for calculating major and minor head losses separately and discusses charts for determining friction factors.

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    Head Losses in the Pipeline (Part 1)

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    This document discusses head losses that occur in pipelines, which are classified into two main categories: major losses and minor losses. Major losses are due to fluid friction from viscosity and pipe roughness, calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Minor losses are due to fittings and valves, and include losses from bends, expansions, contractions, and other pipe geometries. The document provides equations for calculating major and minor head losses separately and discusses charts for determining friction factors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views28 pages

    Head Losses in The Pipeline (Part 1)

    Uploaded by

    Wency Cariaga
    This document discusses head losses that occur in pipelines, which are classified into two main categories: major losses and minor losses. Major losses are due to fluid friction from viscosity and pipe roughness, calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Minor losses are due to fittings and valves, and include losses from bends, expansions, contractions, and other pipe geometries. The document provides equations for calculating major and minor head losses separately and discusses charts for determining friction factors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    Head Losses in the

    Pipeline

    By: Engr. Jordan L. Ronquillo RMEE


    Objectives
    • Enumerate the two main classes of head losses and the different
    fittings and valves;

    • Use Darcy-Weisbach equation in calculating head losses;

    • Use Moody’s chart in determining the Darcy-Weisbach friction


    factor.

    • Calculate the equivalent length of fittings and valves


    Classification of Losses

    1. Major head losses are head losses due to a fluid friction because
    of viscosity and pipe roughness.
    2. Minor losses are head losses or turbulences losses due to pipe
    fittings and valves.

    a). Entrance loss is the flow of fluid from tank to pipe. It is a head loss
    because velocity is created.
    Classification of Losses

    b). Exit loss is the flow of fluid from pipe to tank. It is a head loss
    because velocity is being destroyed.
    Classification of Losses

    c). Sudden Expansion is the flow of in a suddenly increasing pipe


    diameter. It is a head loss due to the decrease in velocity.
    Classification of Losses

    d). Sudden Contraction is the flow of in a suddenly decreasing pipe


    diameter. It is a head loss due to the sudden increase in velocity.
    Classification of Losses

    e). Bends (elbows), fittings and valves are head losses due to the
    change in the magnitude and direction of velocity.
    Classification of Losses

    f). Gradual Expansion and Gradual Contraction are head losses due to
    the gradual increase or gradual decrease in fluid velocity.
    Classification of Losses

    g). A nozzle at the end is a head loss due to the very high velocity at the
    nozzle outlet.
    Equations for the Computation of Major Head Losses Due to Friction

    Major head losses are mainly due to friction because of the fluid viscosity and
    pipe material roughness. Head losses, hf are computed particularly in a long
    straight pipe (L > 500D)
    Where:
    1. Darcy-Weisbach Equation
    f = friction factor
    hf = head loss due to friction, m
    a). For circular pipe L = length of pipe, m
    D = inside diameter of pipe, m
    hf = V = velocity of fluid, m/s
    g = acceleration due to gravity
    Rm = hydraulic radius, m
    b). For a non-circular pipe
    Rm = Cross sectional area/Wetted Perimeter of cross section

    hf =
    Equations for the Computation of Major Head Losses Due to Friction

    Value of f for laminar flow:

    Hagen-Poiseuille equation, f = Re < 2,000

    Blasius equation, f = Re < 105

    Re = Reynold’s Number

    Note: Friction factor f in laminar flow is a function of Reynold’s number,


    Re and independent of the pipe roughness.
    Equations for the Computation of Major Head Losses Due to Friction

    Value of f for transition and turbulent flows:

    f=Φ

    Notes:
    Where:
    Relative roughness is a better indicator of pipe
    roughness
    f = is a function of
    e = = relative roughness The Darcy friction factor is one of the parameters
    ε = absolute roughness of a pipe material, m used to calculate friction loss.
    Re = Reynold’s Number
    Absolute roughness or specific roughness is a
    parameter that measures the average size of
    imperfection inside the pipe.
    Bernoulli’s Equation

    Bernoulli’s equation is an used to determine the head of fluid.

    Bernoulli’s equation for ideal neglects friction, viscosity and flow is assumed
    to be steady and incompressible.
    Moody’s equation

    f = 0.0055
    Where:

    f = friction factor
    e = = relative roughness
    ε = absolute roughness of a pipe material, m
    Re = Reynold’s Number
    Colebrook equation

    The turbulent portion of the Moody


    chart is represented by the
    Colebrook formula.

    A difficulty with its use is that it is implicit in the dependence of f. That is, for given
    conditions it is not possible to solve for f without some sort of iterative scheme.
    Haaland’s equation

    A simpler formula where f can be solve explicitly.


    Absolute Roughness of selected Materials
    2. Hazen-Williams Formula

    The Hazen-Wiliams formula is used for fluid flowing in a pipe with D >
    50 mm and velocity of V < 3 m/s.
    Equations for the Computation of Minor Losses in Pipe Lines

    Minor losses are head losses called turbulence losses because of the fittings
    and valves installed in the piping line or flow line.
    Determination of Major and Minor Loss Combined
    THANK YOU!

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